In the 19th century, the scramble for colonies in Asia and Africa by Western nations produced international power competition. This generated different forms of reactions by the colonized civilizations to the Western impact on their cultures. This volume, Confucius and Muhammad: Contrasting Responses of China and Islam to Western Intrusion, is based on original historical archival materials. It exemplifies the differential conduct of France and the United Kingdom in China and Morocco, representing Confucian and Islamic responses to the West in terms of modernization.