Introduction to Probability and Statistics expertly sheds light on the fundamental reasoning, methods and applications of statistics. From simple, clear explanations, students learn not only how to reason statistically, but also how to correctly interpret statistical results. The authors emphasize how to: Apply statistical procedures, uncover the meaning of statistical research in terms of their practical applications, evaluate the validity of assumptions behind statistical tests, determine what to do when those assumptions have been violated, and meaningfully describe real data sets.