4. Specific Shortages -- 5. Low Rations -- 6. Causes -- 7. Privileged Buyers -- 8. Queues, The Cost Of Waiting For Rations -- 9. State Stores, Higher Prices, Without Rationing -- 10. Private Trade Freed, Rationing Abandoned, Rising Prices And Wages -- 11. International Comparisons -- G. Real Wages -- 1. Present And Pre-War Levels -- a. Two Indexes--Discrepancies and Explanation -- b. Evidence of Decline in Real Wages -- c. Variation in Wage Scale -- d. Shortage of Consumers' Goods and Decline of Purchasing Power -- H. Wage Comparisons With Other Countries -- 1. International Comparisons, Present And Pre-War -- 2. Soviet Errors In Statistics -- I. Factory Discipline -- 1. Breaches Of Discipline -- 2. Causes Of Poor Discipline -- 3. Remedies For Lax Discipline -- a. Appeals to the Workers -- b. Centralization of Authority -- c. Deductions from Wages -- d. Dismissal -- e. Imprisonment or Forced Labor -- J. High Labor Turnover -- 1. Facts -- 2. Causes Of High Labor Turnover -- a. Differences in the Standards of Living -- b. Wage Differences -- 3. Remedy For High Labor Turnover -- a. Differences in Wage Scales -- b. Rewards for Staying at Jobs -- c. Penalties for Roving -- d. Severer Restrictions -- e. Injunctions on Managers -- K. Union Agreements And Strikes -- L. The Exploitation Of Labor -- 1. Piece Work And Speeding Up Of Production -- 2. Abandoning Labor Standards -- 3. Forced Labor -- a. Forms of Drafted Labor -- i. Self-Imposed Obligation -- ii. Indentured Workers -- iii. Statutory Draft -- b. Labor-Draft Decrees -- c. Instances of Forced Labor -- i. Forestry -- ii. Grain Transport -- iii. Coal Mining -- iv. River Transport -- v. General Labor -- vi. Convict Labor -- M. Industrial Democracy vs. Efficiency -- 1. Self-Expression Of Labor -- 2. Administrative Difficulties -- 3. Centralization Of Authority -- Chapter VII. Industry -- A. Raw Materials.