Chapter 5 extends the launch safety analysis to toxic and distant focusing overpressure hazards. A major section of this chapter is devoted to each of these hazards. Rocket motor propellants and their combustion products may pose toxic hazards in the extended launch vicinity. Moreover, accidental explosions on or near a launch pad may, with adverse atmospheric conditions, cause explosive shock waves to break windows at distant population centers potentially threatening their occupants. Currently, liquid propellants may be hazardous; however, their combustion products are not. Solid propellants, by contrast, do not directly pose a toxic hazard; their combustion products are, however, frequently hazardous. The chapter introduces the reader to each of the hazards, characterizing the source term, factors governing the propagation of the hazards to people, and guidelines for evaluating the severity of the hazardous conditions that may exist at population centers. Comprehensive modeling of these two hazards is complex. Consequently, for each hazard one or more screening methodologies is presented to allow scoping studies to be performed to assess if there is a need for more comprehensive modeling. Each section then presents a comprehensive discussion of the analysis of the threat and the risk posed by the two hazards so that the reader understands how the complete analyses must be performed.