China 88 serves as a quick, handy guide for newcomers to China -- with a particular focus on travel and business culture. It helps to unravel the complexity of China by providing a historical context to the many nuances and paradoxes of this fascinating place. Tips, explanations, and clear examples help to demystify China for any reader looking for a practical working understanding in the face of social conventions that can be thousands of years old. Coverage includes: Relationships and values Social and business conventions Modern society and culture Economic issues Internet and media Companies in China Future business and investment opportunities
The Western reinvention of China can be found in various discourses ranging from French Enlightenment philosophes, German political economists, to British writers through centuries. It covers all aspects of Chinese culture, and varies from zealous idealization to blatant demonization. But do those divergent and even contradictory accounts offer an alternative to «Orientalism?» Or are they artifacts with inherent and even dangerous limitations? More fundamentally, does the cultural theory of Orientalism provide an adequate basis for cross-cultural studies? This study examines conflicting 18th- and 19th-century European presentations of China and the inherent consistency in them. It also critiques contending positions on major cultural theories and contributes distinct and dynamic perspectives in the field of cross-cultural studies.
Bioactive ceramics are used as bulk, porous bodies, or surface-active layers on dental implants and as morphogenetically active scaffolds inserted into the jawbone. While the former has been popularly applied as artificial dental roots for recovering the function of lost teeth, the latter are increasingly used for regenerating bone tissue. In both cases, the common fundamental basis is to understand how the new bone is formed on the surfaces of introduced foreign bodies, integrated together with the autologous bone through complex biological processes and cell-materials interactions. Efforts are thus made in this chapter to elucidate the biological origins of those phenomenological terms that have often eluded satisfactory scientific definition on this particular topic of practice-motivated science. Bone-growth mechanisms are discussed together with possible characterization and quantification methods. The role of surface morphology and multi-scale structures in promoting bone growth is emphasized. Based on the state-of-the-art understanding all the way down to molecular, cellular, and genetic levels, bioactive ceramics are categorized and presented in relation to their potential applications in dentistry. The design concept of implants for enhancing early healing and for enabling immediate loading is also discussed.
This book presents new and important research on optical fibres. An optical fibre is a glass or plastic fibre designed to guide light along its length by confining as much light as possible in a propagating form. In fibres with large core diameter, the confinement is based on total internal reflection. In smaller diameter core fibres, (widely used for most communication links longer than 200 meters) the confinement relies on establishing a waveguide. Fibre optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with such optical fibres. Optical fibres are widely used in fibre-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of wired and wireless communications. They are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications. The term optical fibre covers a range of different designs including graded-index optical fibres, step-index optical fibres, birefringent polarisation-maintaining fibres and more recently photonic crystal fibres, with the design and the wavelength of the light propagating in the fiber dictating whether or not it will be multi-mode optical fibre or single-mode optical fibre. Because of the mechanical properties of the more common glass optical fibres, special methods of splicing fibres and of connecting them to other equipment are needed. Manufacture of optical fibres is based on partially melting a chemically doped preform and pulling the flowing material on a draw tower. Fibers are built into different kinds of cables depending on how they will be used.
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