High field laser physics emerged with the advent of ultrashort intense lasers about 25 years ago. It has developed into a frontier of cross-disciplinary studies, covering attosecond X-ray physics, particle accelerator physics, and physics of inertial confined fusion, etc., with prospects of wide applications. Because this is a new and rapidly developing field, so far there are only 2-3 related books available. There are a few review articles in some journals, which are limited to specific topics in high field physics. There are quite a few conference proceedings in this field, which are the collections of papers presented at conferences. In this book, a few leading experts working on different subjects in this field are invited to introduce the key topics in high field laser physics, which cover the involved fundamental physics, the recent advances, as well as the prospects of future applications. It shall be very useful to graduate students, young researchers, and people who want to have an overview of this field.
In exploring the essence, function, and role of religion in human societies, we have to confront a complex and multifaceted issue. Religion, as an enduring cultural phenomenon, has evolved in its connotations and denotations over time. This profound exploration into religion reveals the secrets behind the enduring vitality of religious practices and the invisible ecological nature of religion itself. It presents the power of enlightenment, transcending the realms of monks and nuns, making us realize that all beings possess Buddha-nature and the potential to attain enlightenment. Enlightenment is the foundation of faith and a pivotal moment in the course of scientifically disciplined spiritual practice. In the vast river of the universe, humanity is but a node, with an enlightened society being its ultimate destination. Through the right knowledge and insight, we ensure the absolute authority of the Sutra, approaching the original intent of the Buddha infinitely and materialistically. Employing a scientific materialist perspective to understand Buddhism is the essential path to enlightenment and mastery of objective laws. The reason religion continues to captivate people lies not only in its provision of spiritual solace but more importantly, in fulfilling the pursuit of ultimate meaning. Through its unique belief system, religion offers believers a way to interpret the world and life, often surpassing everyday experiences and logic. Moreover, religion plays a social function by propagating specific alues, thereby influencing society and maintaining social order to some extent. The essence of religion can be regarded as an objectively existing invisible ecology. This view considers religion as a manifestation of a special relationship between humans and nature and the universe, representing humanity's attempt to understand and master the world. The sacred reality in religion provides people with a spiritual refuge beyond reality, enabling them to find strength and hope when facing difficulties and challenges in life. Third, enlightenment is the essence of Buddha-nature; it is not confined to monks or nuns. This view highlights the importance of "self-awakening" in Buddhism. Every individual has the potential to become enlightened. It is not limited to monks or nuns but open to anyone willing and able to follow the correct practices. This perspective encourages personal spiritual enhancement and self-improvement through inner cultivation and practice. The belief that all beings possess Buddha-nature signifies everyone's potential for enlightenment. Grounded in a fundamental doctrine of Buddhism, it suggests that all living beings inherently possess supreme Buddha-nature, which can be gradually unveiled by the correct practice, removing ignorance and delusion, ultimately achieving enlightenment. This highlights Buddhism's affirmation of individual potential and the possibility of self-transcendence through practice. In summary, religion, as a complex cultural phenomenon, extends far beyond mere superstition or spiritual reliance. It influences the development and future of human societies with correct knowledge and insight. Religion serves both as an individual's spiritual pursuit and a societal value system. Through a deep understanding and study of religion, we can better recognize its significant status in human history and culture, as well as its positive contributions to individual and societal development. This journey of exploration is not only a reflection on religion itself but also an inquiry into human civilization, transcending traditional religious boundaries, Integrating science and faith, and opening a path to enlightenment. In this era of challenge and transformation, this book offers a guiding light, leading us towards a deeper reflection and cognition, Illuminating a promising path for humanity's future.
The high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is identified as one of the leading fuel cell technology contenders to capture the energy market in years to come. However, in order to operate as an efficient energy generating system, the SOFC requires an appropriate control system which in turn requires a detailed modelling of process dynamics. Introducting state-of-the-art dynamic modelling, estimation, and control of SOFC systems, this book presents original modelling methods and brand new results as developed by the authors. With comprehensive coverage and bringing together many aspects of SOFC technology, it considers dynamic modelling through first-principles and data-based approaches, and considers all aspects of control, including modelling, system identification, state estimation, conventional and advanced control. Key features: Discusses both planar and tubular SOFC, and detailed and simplified dynamic modelling for SOFC Systematically describes single model and distributed models from cell level to system level Provides parameters for all models developed for easy reference and reproducing of the results All theories are illustrated through vivid fuel cell application examples, such as state-of-the-art unscented Kalman filter, model predictive control, and system identification techniques to SOFC systems The tutorial approach makes it perfect for learning the fundamentals of chemical engineering, system identification, state estimation and process control. It is suitable for graduate students in chemical, mechanical, power, and electrical engineering, especially those in process control, process systems engineering, control systems, or fuel cells. It will also aid researchers who need a reminder of the basics as well as an overview of current techniques in the dynamic modelling and control of SOFC.
Like other transfer programs, a pay-as-you-go public pension system can significantly affect economic behavior and, hence, relative prices and macroeconomic aggregates. This paper illustrates some of these effects, which are important in weighing options for reforming public pensions, in the context of a stylized model of the Canadian economy. It shows that introducing such a system can reduce aggregate saving, income, and wages and increase interest rates. It also shows that a significant part of the distortion can occur because benefits are not explicitly linked to contributions and that creating a linkage can reduce the distortions associated with the wage tax that funds plan contributions.
This book presents an extensive analysis of the multifaceted benefits that higher education in the humanities offers individuals and society, as explored in the context of Hong Kong. Using both quantitative graduate employment survey data and qualitative data from interviews with past humanities graduates and with leading humanities scholars, the study provides an objective picture of the “value” of humanities degrees in relation to the economic needs and growth of Hong Kong, together with an in-depth exploration of their value and use in the eyes of humanities graduates and practitioners. Therefore, although it is hardly the only book on the value and status quo of the humanities worldwide, it nonetheless stands out in this crowded field as one of the very few extended studies that draws on empirical data. The book will appeal to both an academic and a wider audience, including members of the general public, non-academic educators, and government administrators interested in the status quo of humanities education, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere. The report also includes a wealth of text taken directly from interviews with humanities graduates, who share their compelling life stories and views on the value of their humanities education.
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