This book is intended to give a general overview of reliability, faults, fault models, nanotechnology, nanodevices, fault-tolerant architectures and reliability evaluation techniques. Additionally, the book provides an in depth state-of-the-art research results and methods for fault tolerance as well as the methodology for designing fault-tolerant systems out of highly unreliable components.
As the complexity and the density of VLSI chips increase with shrinking design rules, the evaluation of long-term reliability of MOS VLSI circuits is becoming an important problem. The assessment and improvement of reliability on the circuit level should be based on both the failure mode analysis and the basic understanding of the physical failure mechanisms observed in integrated circuits. Hot-carrier induced degrada tion of MOS transistor characteristics is one of the primary mechanisms affecting the long-term reliability of MOS VLSI circuits. It is likely to become even more important in future generation chips, since the down ward scaling of transistor dimensions without proportional scaling of the operating voltage aggravates this problem. A thorough understanding of the physical mechanisms leading to hot-carrier related degradation of MOS transistors is a prerequisite for accurate circuit reliability evaluation. It is also being recognized that important reliability concerns other than the post-manufacture reliability qualification need to be addressed rigorously early in the design phase. The development and use of accurate reliability simulation tools are therefore crucial for early assessment and improvement of circuit reliability : Once the long-term reliability of the circuit is estimated through simulation, the results can be compared with predetermined reliability specifications or limits. If the predicted reliability does not satisfy the requirements, appropriate design modifications may be carried out to improve the resistance of the devices to degradation.
This book discusses the implementation of digital circuits by using MCML gates. Although digital circuit implementation is possible with other elements, such as CMOS gates, MCML implementations can provide superior performance in certain applications. This book provides a complete automation methodology for the implementation of digital circuits in MCML and provides an extensive explanation on the technical details of design of MCML. A systematic methodology is presented to build efficient MCML standard-cell libraries, and a complete top-down design flow is shown to implement complex systems using such building blocks.
In the world of optical data communications this book will be an absolute must-read. It focuses on optical communications for short and very short distance applications and discusses the monolithic integration of optical receivers with processing elements in standard CMOS technologies. What’s more, it provides the reader with the necessary background knowledge to fully understand the trade-offs in short-distance communication receiver design and presents the key issues to be addressed in the development of such receivers in CMOS technologies. Moreover, novel design approaches are presented.
Design exibility and power consumption in addition to the cost, have always been the most important issues in design of integrated circuits (ICs), and are the main concerns of this research, as well. Energy Consumptions: Power dissipation (P ) and energy consumption are - diss pecially importantwhen there is a limited amountof power budgetor limited source of energy. Very common examples are portable systems where the battery life time depends on system power consumption. Many different techniques have been - veloped to reduce or manage the circuit power consumption in this type of systems. Ultra-low power (ULP) applications are another examples where power dissipation is the primary design issue. In such applications, the power budget is so restricted that very special circuit and system level design techniquesare needed to satisfy the requirements. Circuits employed in applications such as wireless sensor networks (WSN), wearable battery powered systems [1], and implantable circuits for biol- ical applications need to consume very low amount of power such that the entire system can survive for a very long time without the need for changingor recharging battery[2–4]. Using newpowersupplytechniquessuchas energyharvesting[5]and printable batteries [6], is another reason for reducing power dissipation. Devel- ing special design techniques for implementing low power circuits [7–9], as well as dynamic power management (DPM) schemes [10] are the two main approaches to control the system power consumption. Design Flexibility: Design exibility is the other important issue in modern in- grated systems.
Nanosystems use new, nanoscopic electrical and/or mechanical devices which, as constituents of electronic and electromechanical systems, find application primarily in computing, embedded control and biomedical data acquisition. In particular, this book will deal with the characterization and patterning of these materials from an engineering perspective, with the objective of creating operational prototypes and products. The book will integrate various nano technologies on materials, devices and systems and identify key areas and results. The book will describe different design aspects for integrated systems on silicon, as well as on heterogeneous platforms including, but not limited to, electrical, optical, micromechanical and biological components in various forms and mixtures. By associating research topics from differing horizons, the book will provide a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between electronics/electrical engineering and materials science. The book will include topics at the intersection of these disciplines, and will interface with computer science, biology and medicine.
This book discusses the design of multi-camera systems and their application to fields such as the virtual reality, gaming, film industry, medicine, automotive industry, drones, etc. The authors cover the basics of image formation, algorithms for stitching a panoramic image from multiple cameras, and multiple real-time hardware system architectures, in order to have panoramic videos. Several specific applications of multi-camera systems are presented, such as depth estimation, high dynamic range imaging, and medical imaging.
Offers comprehensive coverage of digital CMOS circuit design, as well as addressing technology issues highlighted by the widespread use of nanometer-scale CMOS technologies.
Design Automation for Differential MOS Current-Mode Logic Circuits provides a very detailed and comprehensive analysis of fundamental MCML circuits, their design and performance optimization under competing constraints such as output drive capability, power dissipation, noise margin, and silicon area. A systematic methodology is presented to build efficient MCML standard-cell libraries, and a complete top-down design flow is shown to implement complex systems using such building blocks. As such, Design Automation for Differential MOS Current-Mode Logic Circuits presents one of the first-ever top-down design approaches using differential cells, for high performance and low noise operation.
In the world of optical data communications this book will be an absolute must-read. It focuses on optical communications for short and very short distance applications and discusses the monolithic integration of optical receivers with processing elements in standard CMOS technologies. What’s more, it provides the reader with the necessary background knowledge to fully understand the trade-offs in short-distance communication receiver design and presents the key issues to be addressed in the development of such receivers in CMOS technologies. Moreover, novel design approaches are presented.
In the world of optical data communications this book will be an absolute must-read. It focuses on optical communications for short and very short distance applications and discusses the monolithic integration of optical receivers with processing elements in standard CMOS technologies. What’s more, it provides the reader with the necessary background knowledge to fully understand the trade-offs in short-distance communication receiver design and presents the key issues to be addressed in the development of such receivers in CMOS technologies. Moreover, novel design approaches are presented.
As the complexity and the density of VLSI chips increase with shrinking design rules, the evaluation of long-term reliability of MOS VLSI circuits is becoming an important problem. The assessment and improvement of reliability on the circuit level should be based on both the failure mode analysis and the basic understanding of the physical failure mechanisms observed in integrated circuits. Hot-carrier induced degrada tion of MOS transistor characteristics is one of the primary mechanisms affecting the long-term reliability of MOS VLSI circuits. It is likely to become even more important in future generation chips, since the down ward scaling of transistor dimensions without proportional scaling of the operating voltage aggravates this problem. A thorough understanding of the physical mechanisms leading to hot-carrier related degradation of MOS transistors is a prerequisite for accurate circuit reliability evaluation. It is also being recognized that important reliability concerns other than the post-manufacture reliability qualification need to be addressed rigorously early in the design phase. The development and use of accurate reliability simulation tools are therefore crucial for early assessment and improvement of circuit reliability : Once the long-term reliability of the circuit is estimated through simulation, the results can be compared with predetermined reliability specifications or limits. If the predicted reliability does not satisfy the requirements, appropriate design modifications may be carried out to improve the resistance of the devices to degradation.
Design exibility and power consumption in addition to the cost, have always been the most important issues in design of integrated circuits (ICs), and are the main concerns of this research, as well. Energy Consumptions: Power dissipation (P ) and energy consumption are - diss pecially importantwhen there is a limited amountof power budgetor limited source of energy. Very common examples are portable systems where the battery life time depends on system power consumption. Many different techniques have been - veloped to reduce or manage the circuit power consumption in this type of systems. Ultra-low power (ULP) applications are another examples where power dissipation is the primary design issue. In such applications, the power budget is so restricted that very special circuit and system level design techniquesare needed to satisfy the requirements. Circuits employed in applications such as wireless sensor networks (WSN), wearable battery powered systems [1], and implantable circuits for biol- ical applications need to consume very low amount of power such that the entire system can survive for a very long time without the need for changingor recharging battery[2–4]. Using newpowersupplytechniquessuchas energyharvesting[5]and printable batteries [6], is another reason for reducing power dissipation. Devel- ing special design techniques for implementing low power circuits [7–9], as well as dynamic power management (DPM) schemes [10] are the two main approaches to control the system power consumption. Design Flexibility: Design exibility is the other important issue in modern in- grated systems.
Nanosystems use new, nanoscopic electrical and/or mechanical devices which, as constituents of electronic and electromechanical systems, find application primarily in computing, embedded control and biomedical data acquisition. In particular, this book will deal with the characterization and patterning of these materials from an engineering perspective, with the objective of creating operational prototypes and products. The book will integrate various nano technologies on materials, devices and systems and identify key areas and results. The book will describe different design aspects for integrated systems on silicon, as well as on heterogeneous platforms including, but not limited to, electrical, optical, micromechanical and biological components in various forms and mixtures. By associating research topics from differing horizons, the book will provide a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between electronics/electrical engineering and materials science. The book will include topics at the intersection of these disciplines, and will interface with computer science, biology and medicine.
This textbook is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in RF CMOS circuits, RF circuit design, and high-frequency analog circuit design. It is aimed at electronics engineering students and IC design engineers in the field, wishing to gain a deeper understanding of circuit fundamentals, and to go beyond the widely-used automated design procedures. The authors employ a design-centric approach, in order to bridge the gap between fundamental analog electronic circuits textbooks and more advanced RF IC design texts. The structure and operation of the building blocks of high-frequency ICs are introduced in a systematic manner, with an emphasis on transistor-level operation, the influence of device characteristics and parasitic effects, and input–output behavior in the time and frequency domains. This second edition has been revised extensively, to expand some of the key topics, to clarify the explanations, and to provide extensive design examples and problems. New material has been added for basic coverage of core topics, such as wide-band LNAs, noise feedback concept and noise cancellation, inductive-compensated band widening techniques for flat-gain or flat-delay characteristics, and basic communication system concepts that exploit the convergence and co-existence of Analog and Digital building blocks in RF systems. A new chapter (Chapter 5) has been added on Noise and Linearity, addressing key topics in a comprehensive manner. All of the other chapters have also been revised and largely re-written, with the addition of numerous, solved design examples and exercise problems.
This book discusses the implementation of digital circuits by using MCML gates. Although digital circuit implementation is possible with other elements, such as CMOS gates, MCML implementations can provide superior performance in certain applications. This book provides a complete automation methodology for the implementation of digital circuits in MCML and provides an extensive explanation on the technical details of design of MCML. A systematic methodology is presented to build efficient MCML standard-cell libraries, and a complete top-down design flow is shown to implement complex systems using such building blocks.
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