The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans raised under standard conditions shows chemotaxis to salts such as NaCl. However, after exposure to the salt under starved conditions, these animals learn to avoid salt. This plasticity, here called salt chemotaxis learning, is very robust and therefore has been intensively studied. It was found that the insulin/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway has a pivotal role in salt chemotaxis learning, and the salt-sensing neuron ASER is the target of insulin action. A decrease in synaptic output of the ASER sensory neuron was suggested to underlie changes in sensory processing caused by learning. In addition, other sensory neurons and interneurons are also involved in this form of learning. These findings at the molecular and neuronal levels are discussed in this chapter.
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans raised under standard conditions shows chemotaxis to salts such as NaCl. However, after exposure to the salt under starved conditions, these animals learn to avoid salt. This plasticity, here called salt chemotaxis learning, is very robust and therefore has been intensively studied. It was found that the insulin/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway has a pivotal role in salt chemotaxis learning, and the salt-sensing neuron ASER is the target of insulin action. A decrease in synaptic output of the ASER sensory neuron was suggested to underlie changes in sensory processing caused by learning. In addition, other sensory neurons and interneurons are also involved in this form of learning. These findings at the molecular and neuronal levels are discussed in this chapter.
The concepts of statistical physics and big data play an important role in the evidence-based analysis and interpretation of macroeconomic principles. The techniques of complex networks, big data, and statistical physics are useful to understand theories of economic systems, and the authors have applied these to understand the intricacies of complex macroeconomic problems. Recent research work using tools and techniques of big data, statistical physics, complex networks, and statistical science is covered, and basic graph algorithms and statistical measures of complex networks are described. The application of big data and statistical physics tools to assess price dynamics, inflation, systemic risks, and productivity is discussed. Chapter-end summary and numerical problems are provided to reinforce understanding of concepts.
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