This is a study of the circuit intendant or taotai under the Ch'ing, particularly the Shanghai taotai. It examines the institutional and historical settings within which the taotai operated and traces the development of the Shanghai taotai office from 1730 through the nineteenth century. The focus of investigation is in examining the adjustment of functions and responsibilities of the taotai and his changing role in the post-Opium War era, particularly in the contexts of foreign relations, modernisation, and local politics. Central to the author's interpretation is the concept of "linkage man" or "linkage position". The Shanghai taotai as a "linkage man" provides vital connection and channel of communication and interaction between two or more separate worlds or value systems and often works as a conflict manager.
This textbook systematically addresses why and how Circular Economy should be developed and practiced by employing a Discussion and Research (D&R) teaching method. This method allows us to show the whole process of academic research, from formulating the key questions, to methodology design, and ultimately to conclusions and applications. In addition, the suggested class discussions and group homework provide good opportunities for participant cooperation and exchange. In this textbook, all chapters and sections are intended to answer specific scientific key or sub-key questions, while all chapters are also internally structured logically and systematically, from question to final conclusion. This textbook may help to boost student performance in science and research and was selected for inclusion in the 13th Five-Year planning teaching materials for regular higher education in China.
This book provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the morphological, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of vascular smooth muscle, the regulation of vascular activities and the intracellular signaling involved. It particularly focuses on newly identified vasoactive agents, enzymes and transduction mechanisms. It also discusses the latest findings in the regulation of cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulation as well as vascular activity under hypoxia and ageing. The second edition intends to update the contents of the first edition with the latest achievements in the regulation of vascular activities from biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects. In addition, two new chapters related to microRNA and extracellular vesicles have been added to reflect their newly discovered important roles in vascular activities. The contraction and dilatation activities of vasculature are of fundamental importance for maintaining circulation homeostasis and adapting to physiological changes. Over the last four decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of vascular activity regulation, and these insights into the responsiveness of blood vessels under normal and pathophysiological conditions help to provide valuable weapons in the fight vascular diseases. The book is of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinic settings, in the field of vascular biology.
Pulmonary hypertension is a life-threatening disease with no known cure. Here we provide a concise yet comprehensive review of the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The underlying signaling mechanisms involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling and the exaggerated vascular contractility, two characteristic features of pulmonary hypertension, are discussed in depth. The roles of inflammation, immunity, and right ventricular function in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension are discussed. The epidemiology of the five groups of pulmonary hypertension (World Health Organization classification; Nice, 2013) is also briefly described. A clear understanding of our current knowledge about the pathogenesis of PH is essential for further exploration of the underlying mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of new therapeutic modalities. This book should be of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinical settings, in the fields of pulmonary vascular biology and pulmonary hypertension.
This book provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the morphological, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of vascular smooth muscle, the regulation of vascular activities and the intracellular signaling involved. It particularly focuses on recently identified vasoactive agents, enzymes and transduction mechanisms. It also discusses the latest findings in the regulation of cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulation as well as vascular activity under hypoxia and ageing. The contraction and dilatation activities of vasculature are of fundamental importance for maintaining circulation homeostasis and adapting physiological changes. Over the last four decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of vascular activity regulation, and these insights into the responsiveness of blood vessels under normal and pathophysiological conditions help to provide valuable weapons in the fight vascular diseases. The book is of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinic settings, in the field of vascular biology.
E-Commerce and E-Government has become known as the wave of the future for business all over the world. Whether large, small, or just starting, E-Commerce and E- Government have been the easier and more sufficient way to handle business. This book brings together revised and expanded versions of eighteen papers selected from the 2003 International Conference on Management of e-Commerce and e-Government. This book presents leading edge research in this new and exciting field. The ICMeCG 2003 has initially received a total of 176 submissions from Australia, China, Norway, UK, and USA. Unfortunately, risk of SARS prevented many authors from actually participating in the conference. The Program Committee of ICMeCG selected papers through a careful reviewing process. Although some papers remain devoted to conceptual and general discussion about e-Commerce management, many papers have adopted quantitative or formal analysis methods in their research. Results presented in these papers provide an important contribution, especially as compared with earlier research based on qualitative methods alone. This book presents cutting edge research in this new and exciting field.
This is a study of the circuit intendant or taotai under the Ch'ing, particularly the Shanghai taotai. It examines the institutional and historical settings within which the taotai operated and traces the development of the Shanghai taotai office from 1730 through the nineteenth century. The focus of investigation is in examining the adjustment of functions and responsibilities of the taotai and his changing role in the post-Opium War era, particularly in the contexts of foreign relations, modernisation, and local politics. Central to the author's interpretation is the concept of "linkage man" or "linkage position". The Shanghai taotai as a "linkage man" provides vital connection and channel of communication and interaction between two or more separate worlds or value systems and often works as a conflict manager.
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