1. Instead of the conventional method using the general/particular solutions to solve differential equations for the circuits containing inductors/capacitors, this book lays emphasis on the Laplace transform method for solving differential equations. We recommend taking the Laplace transform of electric circuits (containing inductors/capacitors) and setting up the transformed circuit equations directly in the unified framework (as if they were just made of resistors and sources) rather than setting up the circuit equations in the form of differential equations and then taking their Laplace transforms to solve them. The Laplace transform and the inverse Laplace transform are introduced in the Appendix. 2. This book presents several MATLAB programs that can be used to get the Laplace transformed solutions, take their inverse Laplace transforms, and plot the solutions along the time or frequency axis. The MATLAB programs can save a lot of time and effort for obtaining the solutions in the time domain or frequency domain so that readers can concentrate on establishing circuit equations, gaining insights to the problems, and making observations/interpretations of the solutions. 3. This book also introduces step by step how to use OrCAD/PSpice for circuit simulations. For circuit problems taking much time to solve by hand, the readers are recommended to use MATLAB and PSpice. This approach gives the readers not only information about the state of the art, but also self-confidence on the condition that the graphical solutions obtained by using the two software tools agree with each other. The OrCAD/PSpice is introduced in the Appendix. However, the portion of MATLAB and PSpice is kept not large lest the readers should be addicted to just using the software and tempted to neglect the importance of the basic circuit theory. 4. We make each example show something different from other examples so that readers can efficiently acquire the essential circuit analysis techniques and gain insights into the various types of circuits. On the other hand, instead of repeating similar exercise problems, we make most exercise problems arouse readers’ interest in practical application or help form a view for circuit application and design. 5. For representative examples, the analytical solutions are presented together with the results of MATLAB analysis (close to the theory) and PSpice simulation (close to the experiment) in the form of trinity. We are sure that this style of presentation will interest many students, attracting their attention to the topics on circuits efficiently. 6. Unlike most circuit books with a similar title, our book deals with positive-feedback op-amp circuits as well as negative-feedback op-amp circuits.
Provides practical examples of circuit design and analysis using PSpice, MATLAB, and the Smith Chart This book presents the three technologies used to deal with electronic circuits: MATLAB, PSpice, and Smith chart. It gives students, researchers, and practicing engineers the necessary design and modelling tools for validating electronic design concepts involving bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), field-effect transistors (FET), OP Amp circuits, and analog filters. Electronic Circuits with MATLAB®, PSpice®, and Smith Chart presents analytical solutions with the results of MATLAB analysis and PSpice simulation. This gives the reader information about the state of the art and confidence in the legitimacy of the solution, as long as the solutions obtained by using the two software tools agree with each other. For representative examples of impedance matching and filter design, the solution using MATLAB and Smith chart (Smith V4.1) are presented for comparison and crosscheck. This approach is expected to give the reader confidence in, and a deeper understanding of, the solution. In addition, this text: Increases the reader's understanding of the underlying processes and related equations for the design and analysis of circuits Provides a stepping stone to RF (radio frequency) circuit design by demonstrating how MATLAB can be used for the design and implementation of microstrip filters Features two chapters dedicated to the application of Smith charts and two-port network theory Electronic Circuits with MATLAB®, PSpice®, and Smith Chart will be of great benefit to practicing engineers and graduate students interested in circuit theory and RF circuits.
Production processes and engineered systems use continuous and discrete variables, as well as the combination of continuous and sequential operations. This volume covers both aspects, thus providing knowledge in continuous and discrete control, logic control, and hybrid control systems. It is a compilation of selected control strategies to automate processes and systems with a practical approach to ease their design, analysis and implementation. The selection of the control schemes is based on the capability to provide desired dynamical response or real time performance. Practicality is required for achieving faster development times of automation projects or system prototypes by comprehensive presentation and direct application of methodologies and techniques for efficient and structured programming of control algorithms. Considered methodologies include model-based design, hardware in the loop simulations and structured programming. Fundamental signals and systems concepts are explained. Systems and controllers are analyzed using discrete-time equations, which ease their implementation in most programmable platforms without requiring sophisticated software. PID based control, internal model control and model reference control are viewed as powerful schemes in terms of performance and suitability for mechatronics systems because of the use of the model in their architecture as a key control element. Finite state machines are presented to solve sequential requirements of direct and supervisory control of many processes and machines. Cyberphysical systems are an industrial technology and an education trend, distinguished by visual and dynamic models or digital twins of the physical systems. The discussed analysis, design and implementation practices are integrated and applied in the context of cyberphysical systems. This book aims to provide multidisciplinary support to engineers and practitioners in the design of control systems, and is a valuable tool for automation teaching and self-learning.
Wavelet Transforms: Kith and Kin serves as an introduction to contemporary aspects of time-frequency analysis encompassing the theories of Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms and their respective offshoots. This book is the first of its kind totally devoted to the treatment of continuous signals and it systematically encompasses the theory of Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, geometrical wavelet transforms and their ramifications. The authors intend to motivate and stimulate interest among mathematicians, computer scientists, engineers and physical, chemical and biological scientists. The text is written from the ground up with target readers being senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students and it can serve as a reference for professionals in mathematics, engineering and applied sciences. Features Flexibility in the book’s organization enables instructors to select chapters appropriate to courses of different lengths, emphasis and levels of difficulty Self-contained, the text provides an impetus to the contemporary developments in the signal processing aspects of wavelet theory at the forefront of research A large number of worked-out examples are included Every major concept is presented with explanations, limitations and subsequent developments, with emphasis on applications in science and engineering A wide range of exercises are incoporated in varying levels from elementary to challenging so readers may develop both manipulative skills in theory wavelets and deeper insight Answers and hints for selected exercises appear at the end The origin of the theory of wavelet transforms dates back to the 1980s as an outcome of the intriguing efforts of mathematicians, physicists and engineers. Owing to the lucid mathematical framework and versatile applicability, the theory of wavelet transforms is now a nucleus of shared aspirations and ideas.
This book considers some models described by means of partial dif ferential equations and boundary conditions with chaotic stochastic disturbance. In a framework of stochastic Partial Differential Equa tions an approach is suggested to generalize solutions of stochastic Boundary Problems. The main topic concerns probabilistic aspects with applications to well-known Random Fields models which are representative for the corresponding stochastic Sobolev spaces. {The term "stochastic" in general indicates involvement of appropriate random elements. ) It assumes certain knowledge in general Analysis and Probability {Hilbert space methods, Schwartz distributions, Fourier transform) . I A very general description of the main problems considered can be given as follows. Suppose, we are considering a random field ~ in a region T ~ Rd which is associated with a chaotic (stochastic) source"' by means of the differential equation (*) in T. A typical chaotic source can be represented by an appropri ate random field"' with independent values, i. e. , generalized random function"' = ( cp, 'TJ), cp E C~(T), with independent random variables ( cp, 'fJ) for any test functions cp with disjoint supports. The property of having independent values implies a certain "roughness" of the ran dom field "' which can only be treated functionally as a very irregular Schwarz distribution. With the lack of a proper development of non linear analyses for generalized functions, let us limit ourselves to the 1 For related material see, for example, J. L. Lions, E.
Chapter 1: Vectors and Matrices 1.1 Vectors 1.1.1 Geometry with Vector 1.1.2 Dot Product 1.1.3 Cross Product 1.1.4 Lines and Planes 1.1.5 Vector Space 1.1.6 Coordinate Systems 1.1.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthonolization 1.2 Matrices 1.2.1 Matrix Algebra 1.2.2 Rank and Row/Column Spaces 1.2.3 Determinant and Trace 1.2.4 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.2.5 Inverse of a Matrix 1.2.6 Similarity Transformation and Diagonalization 1.2.7 Special Matrices 1.2.8 Positive Definiteness 1.2.9 Matrix Inversion Lemma 1.2.10 LU, Cholesky, QR, and Singular Value Decompositions 1.2.11 Physical Meaning of Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors 1.3 Systems of Linear Equations 1.3.1 Nonsingular Case 1.3.2 Undetermined Case - Minimum-Norm Solution 1.3.3 Overdetermined Case - Least-Squares Error Solution 1.3.4 Gauss(ian) Elimination 1.3.5 RLS (Recursive Least Squares) Algorithm Problems Chapter 2: Vector Calculus 2.1 Derivatives 2.2 Vector Functions 2.3 Velocity and Acceleration 2.4 Divergence and Curl 2.5 Line Integrals and Path Independence 2.5.1 Line Integrals 2.5.2 Path Independence 2.6 Double Integrals 2.7 Green's Theorem 2.8 Surface Integrals 2.9 Stokes' Theorem 2.10 Triple Integrals 2.11 Divergence Theorem Problems Chapter 3: Ordinary Differential Equation 3.1 First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.1 Separable Equations 3.1.2 Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors 3.1.3 Linear First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.4 Nonlinear First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.5 Systems of First-Order Differential Equations 3.2 Higher-Order Differential Equations 3.2.1 Undetermined Coefficients 3.2.2 Variation of Parameters 3.2.3 Cauchy-Euler Equations 3.2.4 Systems of Linear Differential Equations 3.3 Special Second-Order Linear ODEs 3.3.1 Bessel's Equation 3.3.2 Legendre's Equation 3.3.3 Chebyshev's Equation 3.3.4 Hermite's Equation 3.3.5 Laguerre's Equation 3.4 Boundary Value Problems Problems Chapter 4: Laplace Transform 4.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 4.1.1 Laplace Transform of the Unit Step Function 4.1.2 Laplace Transform of the Unit Impulse Function 4.1.3 Laplace Transform of the Ramp Function 4.1.4 Laplace Transform of the Exponential Function 4.1.5 Laplace Transform of the Complex Exponential Function 4.2 Properties of the Laplace Transform 4.2.1 Linearity 4.2.2 Time Differentiation 4.2.3 Time Integration 4.2.4 Time Shifting - Real Translation 4.2.5 Frequency Shifting - Complex Translation 4.2.6 Real Convolution 4.2.7 Partial Differentiation 4.2.8 Complex Differentiation 4.2.9 Initial Value Theorem (IVT) 4.2.10 Final Value Theorem (FVT) 4.3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 4.4 Using of the Laplace Transform 4.5 Transfer Function of a Continuous-Time System Problems 300 Chapter 5: The Z-transform 5.1 Definition of the Z-transform 5.2 Properties of the Z-transform 5.2.1 Linearity 5.2.2 Time Shifting - Real Translation 5.2.3 Frequency Shifting - Complex Translation 5.2.4 Time Reversal 5.2.5 Real Convolution 5.2.6 Complex Convolution 5.2.7 Complex Differentiation 5.2.8 Partial Differentiation 5.2.9 Initial Value Theorem 5.2.10 Final Value Theorem 5.3 The Inverse Z-transform 5.4 Using The Z-transform 5.5 Transfer Function of a Discrete-Time System 5.6 Differential Equation and Difference Equation Problems Chapter 6: Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 6.1 Continuous-Time Fourier Series (CTFS) 6.1.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.1.2 Examples of CTFS 6.2 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) 6.2.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.2.2 (Generalized) CTFT of Periodic Signals 6.2.3 Examples of CTFT 6.2.4 Properties of CTFT 6.3 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 6.3.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.3.2 Examples of DTFT 6.3.3 DTFT of Periodic Sequences 6.3.4 Properties of DTFT 6.4 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 6.5 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 6.5.1 Decimation-in-Time (DIT) FFT 6.5.2 Decimation-in-Frequency (DIF) FFT 6.5.3 Computation of IDFT Using FFT Algorithm 6.5.4 Interpretation of DFT Results 6.6 Fourier-Bessel/Legendre/Chebyshev/Cosine/Sine Series 6.6.1 Fourier-Bessel Series 6.6.2 Fourier-Legendre Series 6.6.3 Fourier-Chebyshev Series 6.6.4 Fourier-Cosine/Sine Series Problems Chapter 7: Partial Differential Equation 7.1 Elliptic PDE 7.2 Parabolic PDE 7.2.1 The Explicit Forward Euler Method 7.2.2 The Implicit Forward Euler Method 7.2.3 The Crank-Nicholson Method 7.2.4 Using the MATLAB Function 'pdepe()' 7.2.5 Two-Dimensional Parabolic PDEs 7.3 Hyperbolic PDES 7.3.1 The Explict Central Difference Method 7.3.2 Tw-Dimensional Hyperbolic PDEs 7.4 PDES in Other Coordinate Systems 7.4.1 PDEs in Polar/Cylindrical Coordinates 7.4.2 PDEs in Spherical Coordinates 7.5 Laplace/Fourier Transforms for Solving PDES 7.5.1 Using the Laplace Transform for PDEs 7.5.2 Using the Fourier Transform for PDEs Problems Chapter 8: Complex Analysis 509 8.1 Functions of a Complex Variable 8.1.1 Complex Numbers and their Powers/Roots 8.1.2 Functions of a Complex Variable 8.1.3 Cauchy-Riemann Equations 8.1.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 8.1.5 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 8.1.6 Inverse Trigonometric/Hyperbolic Functions 8.2 Conformal Mapping 8.2.1 Conformal Mappings 8.2.2 Linear Fractional Transformations 8.3 Integration of Complex Functions 8.3.1 Line Integrals and Contour Integrals 8.3.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 8.3.3 Cauchy's Integral Formula 8.4 Series and Residues 8.4.1 Sequences and Series 8.4.2 Taylor Series 8.4.3 Laurent Series 8.4.4 Residues and Residue Theorem 8.4.5 Real Integrals Using Residue Theorem Problems Chapter 9: Optimization 9.1 Unconstrained Optimization 9.1.1 Golden Search Method 9.1.2 Quadratic Approximation Method 9.1.3 Nelder-Mead Method 9.1.4 Steepest Descent Method 9.1.5 Newton Method 9.2 Constrained Optimization 9.2.1 Lagrange Multiplier Method 9.2.2 Penalty Function Method 9.3 MATLAB Built-in Functions for Optimization 9.3.1 Unconstrained Optimization 9.3.2 Constrained Optimization 9.3.3 Linear Programming (LP) 9.3.4 Mixed Integer Linear Programing (MILP) Problems Chapter 10: Probability 10.1 Probability 10.1.1 Definition of Probability 10.1.2 Permutations and Combinations 10.1.3 Joint Probability, Conditional Probability, and Bayes' Rule 10.2 Random Variables 10.2.1 Random Variables and Probability Distribution/Density Function 10.2.2 Joint Probability Density Function 10.2.3 Conditional Probability Density Function 10.2.4 Independence 10.2.5 Function of a Random Variable 10.2.6 Expectation, Variance, and Correlation 10.2.7 Conditional Expectation 10.2.8 Central Limit Theorem - Normal Convergence Theorem 10.3 ML Estimator and MAP Estimator 653 Problems
Impulsive Control in Continuous and Discrete-Continuous Systems is an up-to-date introduction to the theory of impulsive control in nonlinear systems. This is a new branch of the Optimal Control Theory, which is tightly connected to the Theory of Hybrid Systems. The text introduces the reader to the interesting area of optimal control problems with discontinuous solutions, discussing the application of a new and effective method of discontinuous time-transformation. With a large number of examples, illustrations, and applied problems arising in the area of observation control, this book is excellent as a textbook or reference for a senior or graduate-level course on the subject, as well as a reference for researchers in related fields.
Reasoning about knowledge—particularly the knowledge of agents who reason about the world and each other's knowledge—was once the exclusive province of philosophers and puzzle solvers. More recently, this type of reasoning has been shown to play a key role in a surprising number of contexts, from understanding conversations to the analysis of distributed computer algorithms. Reasoning About Knowledge is the first book to provide a general discussion of approaches to reasoning about knowledge and its applications to distributed systems, artificial intelligence, and game theory. It brings eight years of work by the authors into a cohesive framework for understanding and analyzing reasoning about knowledge that is intuitive, mathematically well founded, useful in practice, and widely applicable. The book is almost completely self-contained and should be accessible to readers in a variety of disciplines, including computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, and game theory. Each chapter includes exercises and bibliographic notes.
Carbon (C) is the major component of all cellular life forms such as plants and animals; they utilize C and store it, in different parts of plants viz. Trunks, branches, leaves, reproductive parts (Flowers and Fruits) and roots (Kiran et al.,2011). The C exists in all surviving organisms in the ecosystem or has ever survived.
In this book, Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C and Avelina Espinosa synthesize the events connecting the accidental discovery of the Galápagos Islands by Tomás de Berlanga in 1535 with Charles Darwin's exploration of the archipelago in 1835, Herman Melville's sketches of The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles, of 1856, and the geopolitics to control Baltra Island, or "The Rock", where the United States established a military base from 1942 to 1946, during World War II. These themes are intertwined with discussions about the historical cartography of the Galápagos Islands, the geology of the archipelago, the hypotheses about the origins of the Galápagos terrestrial and marine organisms, and comparisons between Galápagos and other archipelagos, particularly Hawai'i. Offering over 250 figures and diagrams, this work will appeal to a broad audience, including professors in academia, college instructors, study-abroad and international field-trip leaders (with destination Galápagos), science writers, and policymakers.
Extreme value theory (EVT) deals with extreme (rare) events, which are sometimes reported as outliers. Certain textbooks encourage readers to remove outliers-in other words, to correct reality if it does not fit the model. Recognizing that any model is only an approximation of reality, statisticians are eager to extract information about unknown di
This book is dedicated to the analysis of bottom waters flows through underwater channels of the Atlantic Ocean. The study is based on recent observations of the authors, analysis of historical data, numerical modeling, and literature review. For example, studying both the measurements from the World Ocean Circulation experiment in the 1990s and recent measurements reveals the decadal variations of water properties in the ocean. Seawater is cooled at high latitudes, descends to the ocean bottom, and slowly flows to the tropical latitudes and further. This current is slow in the deep basins, but intensifies in the abyssal channels connecting the basins. The current overflows submarine topographic structures and sometimes forms deep cataracts when water descends over slopes by several hundred meters. The flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is studied on the basis of CTD sections combined with Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiling (LADCP) carried out annually, and long-term moored measurements of currents. This book is a collection of oceanographic data, interpretation, and analysis, which can be used by field oceanographers, specialists in numerical modeling, and students who specialize in oceanography.
How did the Solar System's chemical composition evolve? This textbook provides the answers in the first interdisciplinary introduction to cosmochemistry. It makes this exciting and evolving field accessible to undergraduate and graduate students from a range of backgrounds, including geology, chemistry, astronomy and physics. The authors - two established leaders who have pioneered developments in the field - provide a complete background to cosmochemical processes and discoveries, enabling students outside geochemistry to understand and explore the Solar System's composition. Topics covered include: - synthesis of nuclides in stars - partitioning of elements between solids, liquids and gas in the solar nebula - overviews of the chemistry of extraterrestrial materials - isotopic tools used to investigate processes such as planet accretion and element fractionation - chronology of the early Solar System - geochemical exploration of planets Boxes provide basic definitions and mini-courses in mineralogy, organic chemistry, and other essential background information for students. Review questions and additional reading for each chapter encourage students to explore cosmochemistry further.
Water distribution and treatment operators, supervisors, and managers are required to pass certification exams. The most useful way to prepare for these exams is by solving calculations and knowledge problems and by completing practice exams. Solving a problem and immediately finding out the correct answer helps to determine if you worked out the p
Foundations of Set Theory discusses the reconstruction undergone by set theory in the hands of Brouwer, Russell, and Zermelo. Only in the axiomatic foundations, however, have there been such extensive, almost revolutionary, developments. This book tries to avoid a detailed discussion of those topics which would have required heavy technical machinery, while describing the major results obtained in their treatment if these results could be stated in relatively non-technical terms. This book comprises five chapters and begins with a discussion of the antinomies that led to the reconstruction of set theory as it was known before. It then moves to the axiomatic foundations of set theory, including a discussion of the basic notions of equality and extensionality and axioms of comprehension and infinity. The next chapters discuss type-theoretical approaches, including the ideal calculus, the theory of types, and Quine's mathematical logic and new foundations; intuitionistic conceptions of mathematics and its constructive character; and metamathematical and semantical approaches, such as the Hilbert program. This book will be of interest to mathematicians, logicians, and statisticians.
Plainfield is the oldest community in Will County. The area was originally home to the Potawatomi Indians who lived along the DuPage River when the French fur trapper Vetel Vermette came to settle in the region. Jesse Walker, a Methodist minister, along with his son-in-law James Walker, came to the area and built a log cabin on the east side of the DuPage River in 1828. James built a permanent sawmill on the river by 1830 in a grove of trees known as Walkers Grove, south of present-day Plainfield. The village of Plainfield was platted in 1834 by Chester Ingersoll. This book, through vintage postcard images, offers a unique view of Plainfields rich history, including scenes of its early business district, village streets, and the fabulous Electric Park, as well as early schools and churches.
Explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression.
This second edition contains revised chapters taking into account recent research advances. More advanced exercises have been included, and "Part II The Prolog Language" has been modified to be compatible with the new Prolog standard. This is a graduate level text that can be used for self-study.
Dieser Band behandelt neueste Entwicklungen in der Technologie der Satellitennetzwerke - vom satellitengestützten Telefonnetz über die ATM-Übertragung per Satellit bis hin zum satellitengestützten UMTS-System. Daneben erläutern die Autoren detailliert Prognosemethoden für die Analyse von Marktsituationen und bewerten das Potential von satellitengestützten UMTS-Märkten. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Integration von terrestrischen und satellitengestützten Netzwerken, u.a. demonstriert anhand des Generic Radio Access Network (GRAN).
Master the numerical simulation process required to design, test and support mobile and parallel computing systems. An accompanying ftp site contains all the Visual C++ based programs discussed in the text to help readers create their own programs. With its focus on problems and solutions, this is an excellent text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and a must-have reference for researchers and professionals in the field of simulations. More information about Visual C++ based programs can be found at: ftp: //ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/numerical_simulations/
In recent years, with the introduction of new media products, there has been a shift in the use of programming languages from FORTRAN or C to MATLAB for implementing numerical methods. This book makes use of the powerful MATLAB software to avoid complex derivations, and to teach the fundamental concepts using the software to solve practical problems. Over the years, many textbooks have been written on the subject of numerical methods. Based on their course experience, the authors use a more practical approach and link every method to real engineering and/or science problems. The main benefit is that engineers don't have to know the mathematical theory in order to apply the numerical methods for solving their real-life problems. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available online.
Precalculus was developed to create a program that seamlessly align with how teachers teach and fully supports student learning. Cynthia Young’s goal was to create an intuitive, supportive product for students without sacrificing the rigor needed for true conceptual understanding and preparation for Calculus. Precalculus helps bridge the gap between in-class work and homework by mirroring the instructor voice outside the classroom through pedagogical features.
Winner of American Botanical Council's 2005 James A. Duke Botanical Literature Award, the Essential Guide to Herbal Safety offers a balanced and objective perspective on the principles of herbal medicine safety as well as the complex challenges relating to self-prescribed or professionally prescribed herbal medications and supplements. With contributions from leading international practitioners and authorities, it contains comprehensive reviews, in monograph format, of the published safety data for 125 common herbs. You'll also find coverage of issues of quality, interactions, adverse reactions, toxicity, allergy, contact sensitivity, and idiosyncratic reactions. Provides the most current information on safety issues in herbal medicine. Presents authoritative and credible safety information from two experienced herbal practitioners. Combines theoretical chapters with 125 well-researched monographs, making it the most thorough and comprehensive text on the market for herbal safety in practice. Provides clear information using the most current evidence-based reviews, covering factors that influence herb safety, including the negative placebo effects (nocebo), various types of unpredictable effects, the basis for interactions between herbs and drugs, and quality issues. Uses an established grading system for assessing safety in pregnancy and lactation that is realistic and appropriate to herb use. Thoroughly critiques the dominant misinformation in the media and medical journals on herb safety issues. Contains 83 documented case studies on hepatoxicity and the effects in relation to kava. Kava safety is a hot topic. Includes two useful appendices detailing herbal references for pregnancy and lactation considerations.
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