The Center for Development Research (ZEF) is an international and interdisciplinary academic research institute of the Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Germany, EU. ZEF's research aims at finding solutions to global development issues. A 10 years strategy plan outlines land- and water use, biodiversity, public health and renewable energies as priority transdisciplinary research areas.
Governments have conferred ownership titles to many citizens throughout the world in an effort to turn things into property. Almost all elements of nature have become the target of property laws, from the classic preoccupation with land to more ephemeral material, such as air and genetic resources. When Things Become Property interrogates the mixed outcomes of conferring ownership by examining postsocialist land and forest reforms in Albania, Romania and Vietnam, and finds that property reforms are no longer, if they ever were, miracle tools available to governments for refashioning economies, politics or environments.
Over the past decade, Vietnam has become a major player in the rapidly growing region of Southeast Asia. Anyone who has visited the country has sensed the extraordinary energy of its commercial activities. Few outsiders, however, have been granted access to the individual decision making processes that have driven this rapid development. With the publication of this book, that situation has changed. The ten discussion cases included in the collection examine important choices facing Vietnamese decision-makers in a broad range of contexts. Examples of these contexts include: a locally developed ERP considers how to compete with much larger international players, a coffee shop examines how IT might be harnessed to address employee theft, a burgeoning eCommerce site that leads in book sales wonders what it should sell next, an IT manager tries to decide whether or not to risk failure by accepting a promotion to a new level, a textile manufacturer seeks to use IT to more effectively manage production, a local investment company attempts to redesign its portal, and the list goes on--and even includes one entry from Vietnam's neighbor, Thailand. The ten case studies provided in this book are all open, authentic, discussion cases. What makes them open is that none of them have a "right" answer--although each has strong and weak responses to the situation described. They are authentic because each has been meticulously researched by its authors and, with the exception of some of the names (which have been disguised), they describe an actual situation faced by the key decision-maker. Most importantly, what makes them discussion cases is the fact that they are specifically optimized for use as a basis for discussion in the classroom, the teaching technique known as the case method.
While the South China Sea dispute remains Vietnam’s top security concern, the country also confronts a variety of growing non-traditional threats, such as illegal fishing, maritime violence, smuggling, ecological degradation and climate change. These issues adversely affect Vietnam’s external relations, socio-economic development, marine ecosystems and political stability, while engendering and exacerbating regional tensions. In response, at the national level, Vietnam has focused on building a blue economy and strengthening its law enforcement capacity. At the international level, Vietnam has participated in a variety of bilateral and multilateral cooperative mechanisms. However, these efforts have been impeded by internal and external factors, such as corruption, inadequate capacity and lack of budget, as well as ASEAN’s institutional limitations and sovereignty sensitivities. To better confront these multifaceted maritime issues, Vietnam will need to (1) formulate a comprehensive national strategy for maritime security; (2) streamline the overlapping responsibilities of maritime security agencies; (3) enhance its maritime domain awareness; (4) ensure proper policy and investment to improve climate resilience and coastal development; and (5) optimize its approach to multilateralism.
Xuan Phuong - chemist, physician, journalist, filmmaker, touring service operator, and art gallery owner tells her story. From leaving home at the age of 16 and joining the Vietminh, to becoming a barefoot revolutionary in the jungle, a witness to the fall of Saigon, and a wife and mother to three sons, Yuan Phuong has lived a full life.
This novel by Xuan Duc based on a real serious case that happened in Quang Tri province and Military Region 4. The fate of the main character in the story posed a problem of great tragedy of a whole era in a special land. Hien Luong - Ben Hai - the river at the 17th parallel that divided Vietnam into North and South, was under the terrible pressure of the historical confrontation. The author did not describe the weapon confrontation, but leaded readers into another tragedy: the ideological confrontation that had pushed a gentle, simple person to become an unrecognized person, living a lonely life in his own homeland, eventually becoming a criminal who received the death penalty. The book made a big splash in Vietnamese literature in the 80s of the 20th century.
The author writes that from his personal perspective this book is about hope. But it is also about a complex of historical, tumultuous, tragic and hopeful events that were not only played out in Viet-Nam but also on the world stage, in which he became a participant, from the time of the 1960s. The book is organized into Prologue, eleven chapters, and an Epilogue that relate historical events after which the author then forms conceptions related to hope. At the end of each chapter are "codas" which emerged as reflections-even meditations-on hope as the author was in the process of writing the book. At the end of the book are sections with a glossary of abbreviations, biographical data on both Vietnamese and foreign persons referred to in the book, and an annotated history of Viet-Nam from the time of 2879 B.C. to the present.
The International Conference of Computational Harmonic Analysis, held in Hong Kong during the period of June 4 OCo 8, 2001, brought together mathematicians and engineers interested in the computational aspects of harmonic analysis. Plenary speakers include W Dahmen, R Q Jia, P W Jones, K S Lau, S L Lee, S Smale, J Smoller, G Strang, M Vetterlli, and M V Wickerhauser. The central theme was wavelet analysis in the broadest sense, covering time-frequency and time-scale analysis, filter banks, fast numerical computations, spline methods, multiscale algorithms, approximation theory, signal processing, and a great variety of applications.This proceedings volume contains sixteen papers from the lectures given by plenary and invited speakers. These include expository articles surveying various aspects of the twenty-year development of wavelet analysis, and original research papers reflecting the wide range of research topics of current interest.
This is a collection of English verse translations of poems written by authors of Vietnamese origin living nearly all over the world. Our humble wish is to introduce their culture to you poetry-loving readers. * The end of the Vietnam War brought about, among others, two consequences: the Vietnam Syndrome, and the Boat People. The Vietnamese who fled their country following the collapse of the South Vietnamese (Republic of Vietnam) government in 1975 consisted of those who crossed the ocean, crowded into small boats, and those who crossed the border, stealthily amid wild jungles, constantly throughout two decades, totaling nearly one million. This did not include about half that number who lost their lives because of the communist police, the pirates, dehydration, starvation, and drowning. And since the majority did it by sea, they all were called Boat People. Approximately half that million were received and resettled in the United States, while the rest in Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, New Zealand, Belgium, Finland, and many other countries. The current strength of the Vietnamese communities in 150 different countries of the world is estimated at over three millions, mostly in the US. Together, most Vietnamese individuals and organizations abroad now would consider themselves Political Refugees. And they have their own unnamed“Vietnamese’s Vietnam Syndrome,”which is different from and more complicated than the Americans’ Vietnam Syndrome. Not only the Vietnamese Political Refugees themselves but also their descendants, the next generations, do have in their hearts and minds the same emotions and reflections. Naturally, poets are among those who experience so deeply their personal ups and downs as well as understand so profoundly their fellow-citizens’ vicissitudes of life that they cannot fail to express their true sentiments and thoughts in their writings. * You will find in this anthology, through 146 poems by 81 Vietnamese of both sexes and of various ages living in the USA, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Norway, and Vietnam, the core of their feelings (or syndrome): Feud (with those who have caused deaths, injuries, pain, separation from relatives, loss of properties...); nostalgia; gratitude (to the host countries that have offered refuge and opportunities...); improvements (to integrate into and contribute to the welfare of their adoptive societies); aspirations (for a free, democratic and prosperous Vietnam). These poets, however, have tried to maintain their four-thousand-year-old cultural legacy while self-confidently to integrate into the melting-pot. * The authors are not only individuals, strangers, of a different race; but, as human beings, reading their works might suggest to widen our knowledge, to discover, learn about, and sympathetically share their situation, somewhat our very own human condition. We hope that this might be a modest part in promoting communication and understanding between nations. THI NHÂN
Presents all the relevant research and theory, an indispensable companion to "Measuring Ego Dev. 2/e", the rev. manual for scoring the Washington Univ. Sentence Completion test of ego dev developed by Jane Loevinger and widely used around the world.
This book delves into the examination of bilateral relations between India and Vietnam in the 21st century and how the Indo-Pacific as a geo-political construct lends itself to the improvement of their engagement. With the rise and increasing assertiveness of China, the slow growth of the United States, the resurgence of Japan, and the oscillating role of ASEAN as a multilateral organization, the Indo-Pacific has emerged as a theatre of international geostrategic competition. This book studies these changing geopolitical realities and new evolving strategic configurations, while addressing political, economic, defence, and strategic aspects of the relationship along with the role of China and the US in facilitating ties. India’s Act East Policy that was upgraded from the Look East Policy – one of the main drivers for India’s increasing presence in the Asia-Pacific region – is also examined in this volume. An important intervention in the study of international relations, this book will be indispensable to students and researchers of maritime studies, security studies, politics and international relations, geopolitics, and Asian studies.
The food industry has seen many changes over the last several decades — new technologies have been introduced into the way we cook, manufacture, and present food products to consumers. Digital gastronomy, which combines new computational abilities such as three-dimensional (3D) printing with traditional food preparation, has allowed consumers to design and manufacture food with personalized shapes, colours, textures, and even nutrition. In addition to the personalization of food, 3D printing of food has other advantages such as promoting automation in food preparation and food sustainability through 3D-printed cell-based meats and alternative proteins. Entire meals can be constructed just by 3D food printing alone.In this textbook, the background, principles, commercial food printers, materials, regulations, business development, as well as the emerging technologies and future outlook of 3D food printing are explored. In terms of 3D-printed materials, four main classes are reviewed: namely, desserts / snacks (comprising dairy products, chocolate, sugars, and dough), fruits / vegetables, meats /alternative proteins, and pharmaceuticals / nutraceuticals.This textbook has been written to offer readers keen to learn more about 3D food printing in terms of concepts, processes, applications, and developments of 3D food printing. No prior knowledge is required. At the end of each chapter, a set of problems offers undergraduate and postgraduate students practice on the main ideas discussed within the chapter. For tertiary-level lecturers and university professors, the topic on 3D food printing can be associated to other subjects in food and nutrition, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sciences, and food engineering.Related Link(s)
A hundred million. You owe me that much." He smiled modestly, and his voice was charming. In his deepest despair, Zuo Ziwang encountered the strangest scenery. He had invaded her life like a Purgatory Asura, becoming her creditor after she had made a hasty decision.
The book aims to evaluate social media users’ attitude towards social media advertising in mainland China. By conducting a large-scale national survey in China (N = 4,172), the author systematically and comprehensively examines factors that influence social media users’ attitude towards social media advertising. Integrating the perspectives of sociology, psychology, communication and advertising, the author discusses the influencing factors from the standpoints of consumers, social media platforms, and culture, and the mechanisms among them. Moreover, this book demonstrates the heterogeneity among mainland Chinese consumers, as well as their similarities and differences from American consumers. The book appeals to scholars and postgraduate students in the fields of marketing and advertising, and those advertising practitioners who are interested in the Chinese market.
This book discusses recent advances in cyber-physical power systems (CPPS) in the modeling, analysis and applications of smart grid. It introduces a series of models, such as an analysis of interaction between the power grid and the communication network, differential protection in smart distribution systems, data flow for VLAN-based communication in substations, a co-simulation model for investigating the impacts of cyber-contingency and distributed control systems as well as the analytical techniques used in different parts of cyber physical energy systems. It also discusses methods of cyber-attack on power systems, particularly false data injection. The results presented are a comprehensive summary of the authors’ original research conducted over a period of 5 years. The book is of interest to university researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in power and energy systems.
Commentators are often disturbed by the presence of various speakers in the three poems of Lamentations 1 and 2, and Isaiah 51.9-52.2, the change of speakers being thought to disrupt the flow of ideas. This study shows that a close reading of all three poems in the light of their mourning ceremony setting displays a clear and consistent flow of thought. Purported cases of 'disruption' now fit into their present context as moments in which different mourners voice their pains and their questions aloud, and bring their incomprehensible sufferings to Yahweh their God and the creator of all.
Matthieu Ricard trained as a molecular biologist, working in the lab of a Nobel prize—winning scientist, but when he read some Buddhist philosophy, he became drawn to Buddhism. Eventually he left his life in science to study with Tibetan teachers, and he is now a Buddhist monk and translator for the Dalai Lama, living in the Shechen monastery near Kathmandu in Nepal. Trinh Thuan was born into a Buddhist family in Vietnam but became intrigued by the explosion of discoveries in astronomy during the 1960s. He made his way to the prestigious California Institute of Technology to study with some of the biggest names in the field and is now an acclaimed astrophysicist and specialist on how the galaxies formed. When Matthieu Ricard and Trinh Thuan met at an academic conference in the summer of 1997, they began discussing the many remarkable connections between the teachings of Buddhism and the findings of recent science. That conversation grew into an astonishing correspondence exploring a series of fascinating questions. Did the universe have a beginning? Or is our universe one in a series of infinite universes with no end and no beginning? Is the concept of a beginning of time fundamentally flawed? Might our perception of time in fact be an illusion, a phenomenon created in our brains that has no ultimate reality? Is the stunning fine-tuning of the universe, which has produced just the right conditions for life to evolve, a sign that a “principle of creation” is at work in our world? If such a principle of creation undergirds the workings of the universe, what does that tell us about whether or not there is a divine Creator? How does the radical interpretation of reality offered by quantum physics conform to and yet differ from the Buddhist conception of reality? What is consciousness and how did it evolve? Can consciousness exist apart from a brain generating it? The stimulating journey of discovery the authors traveled in their discussions is re-created beautifully in The Quantum and the Lotus, written in the style of a lively dialogue between friends. Both the fundamental teachings of Buddhism and the discoveries of contemporary science are introduced with great clarity, and the reader will be profoundly impressed by the many correspondences between the two streams of thought and revelation. Through the course of their dialogue, the authors reach a remarkable meeting of minds, ultimately offering a vital new understanding of the many ways in which science and Buddhism confirm and complement each other and of the ways in which, as Matthieu Ricard writes, “knowledge of our spirits and knowledge of the world are mutually enlightening and empowering.” “The Quantum and the Lotus is a mind-expanding, eye-opening exploration of the exciting parallels between cutting-edge thinking in physics and Buddhism–a scintillating conversation any thinking person would delight in overhearing.” —Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence “The Quantum and the Lotus is the rich and inspiring result of a deeply interesting dialogue between Western science and Buddhist philosophy. This remarkable book will contribute greatly to a better understanding of the true nature of our world and the way we live our lives.” —His Holiness the Dalai Lama
The first part of this two-part work is intended as an introduction to the fundamentals, while the second part discusses applications from the point of view of the researcher. Lively illustrations and informative tables, an overview at the beginning of each chapter and exercises with solutions make this book a valuable resource.
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2009 in the subject Computer Science - Applied, language: English, abstract: Abstract In this thesis, we present an introduction about genetic algorithms (GAs). Genetic algorithms are not too hard to program or understand, since they are biologically based. This thesis also shows scheduling problems, expecially examination scheduling problems. We provide a way that can be easily used to apply the evolutionary principle to the problem solutions. Furthermore, these are the program's applications in reality as well as in science. Keyword: Genetic Algorithms, Scheduling Problems, Examination Scheduling Problems.
The microneedle field has been expanding exponentially with innovative designs and various applications, thus capturing the interest of academic industry and regulatory sectors. Microneedles: The Future of Drug Delivery equips readers with a comprehensive understanding of microneedles: from percutaneous absorption to microneedles production, characterization, applications in drug delivery and diagnosis, to practical perspectives on the development, manufacturing, regulatory issues, and commercialization of microneedles. This book is written by a single author and thus provides complex information in a simple, elegant, and cohesive style. The book is intended for graduate students, researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmeceutical, and biotechnology industry.
Covers the fundamentals and techniques of multiple biological sequence alignment and analysis, and shows readers how to choose the appropriate sequence analysis tools for their tasks This book describes the traditional and modern approaches in biological sequence alignment and homology search. This book contains 11 chapters, with Chapter 1 providing basic information on biological sequences. Next, Chapter 2 contains fundamentals in pair-wise sequence alignment, while Chapters 3 and 4 examine popular existing quantitative models and practical clustering techniques that have been used in multiple sequence alignment. Chapter 5 describes, characterizes and relates many multiple sequence alignment models. Chapter 6 describes how traditionally phylogenetic trees have been constructed, and available sequence knowledge bases can be used to improve the accuracy of reconstructing phylogeny trees. Chapter 7 covers the latest methods developed to improve the run-time efficiency of multiple sequence alignment. Next, Chapter 8 covers several popular existing multiple sequence alignment server and services, and Chapter 9 examines several multiple sequence alignment techniques that have been developed to handle short sequences (reads) produced by the Next Generation Sequencing technique (NSG). Chapter 10 describes a Bioinformatics application using multiple sequence alignment of short reads or whole genomes as input. Lastly, Chapter 11 provides a review of RNA and protein secondary structure prediction using the evolution information inferred from multiple sequence alignments. • Covers the full spectrum of the field, from alignment algorithms to scoring methods, practical techniques, and alignment tools and their evaluations • Describes theories and developments of scoring functions and scoring matrices •Examines phylogeny estimation and large-scale homology search Multiple Biological Sequence Alignment: Scoring Functions, Algorithms and Applications is a reference for researchers, engineers, graduate and post-graduate students in bioinformatics, and system biology and molecular biologists. Ken Nguyen, PhD, is an associate professor at Clayton State University, GA, USA. He received his PhD, MSc and BSc degrees in computer science all from Georgia State University. His research interests are in databases, parallel and distribute computing and bioinformatics. He was a Molecular Basis of Disease fellow at Georgia State and is the recipient of the highest graduate honor at Georgia State, the William M. Suttles Graduate Fellowship. Xuan Guo, PhD, is a postdoctoral associate at Oak Ridge National Lab, USA. He received his PhD degree in computer science from Georgia State University in 2015. His research interests are in bioinformatics, machine leaning, and cloud computing. He is an editorial assistant of International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications. Yi Pan, PhD, is a Regents' Professor of Computer Science and an Interim Associate Dean and Chair of Biology at Georgia State University. He received his BE and ME in computer engineering from Tsinghua University in China and his PhD in computer science from the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Pan's research interests include parallel and distributed computing, optical networks, wireless networks and bioinformatics. He has published more than 180 journal papers with about 60 papers published in various IEEE/ACM journals. He is co-editor along with Albert Y. Zomaya of the Wiley Series in Bioinformatics.
Cognitive Mechanisms of Learning presents experimental research works on the issue of knowledge acquisition in Cognitive Psychology. These research works – initiated by groups of researchers with academic backgrounds in Philosophy, Psychology, Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence – explore learning mechanisms by viewing humans as information processing systems. Although the book is centered on research studies conducted in a laboratory, one chapter is dedicated to applied research studies, derived directly from the fundamental research works. Computer modeling of learning mechanisms is presented, based on the concept of cognitive architecture. Three important issues – the methodology, the achievements and the evolution – in the field of learning research are also examined.
A FINALIST FOR THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY YOUNG LIONS FICTION AWARD • SHORTLISTED FOR THE PEN/ROBERT W. BINGHAM PRIZE FOR DEBUT SHORT STORY COLLECTION • WINNER OF THE CALIFORNIA BOOK AWARDS GOLD MEDAL IN FIRST FICTION • WINNER OF THE JOHN ZACHARIS FIRST BOOK AWARD • LONGLISTED FOR THE STORY PRIZE • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY LIBRARY JOURNAL “An urgent and necessary literary voice.”—Alexander Chee, Electric Literature “Tough, luminous stories.”—The New York Times Book Review “Spectacular.”—Vogue Xuan Juliana Wang's remarkable debut introduces us to the new and changing face of Chinese youth. From fuerdai (second-generation rich kids) to a glass-swallowing qigong grandmaster, her dazzling, formally inventive stories upend the immigrant narrative to reveal a new experience of belonging: of young people testing the limits of who they are, in a world as vast and varied as their ambitions. In stories of love, family, and friendship, here are the voices, faces and stories of a new generation never before captured between the pages in fiction. What sets them apart is Juliana Wang’s surprising imagination, able to capture the innermost thoughts of her characters with astonishing empathy, as well as the contradictions of the modern immigrant experience in a way that feels almost universal. Home Remedies is, in the words of Alexander Chee, “the arrival of an urgent and necessary literary voice we’ve been needing, waiting for maybe, without knowing.” Praise for Home Remedies “A radiant new talent.”—Lauren Groff “These dazzling stories interrogate the fractures, collisions and glorious new alloys of what it means to be a Chinese millennial.”—Adam Johnson, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Orphan Master’s Son “Home Remedies doesn’t read like a first collection; like Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies, the twelve stories here announce the arrival of an exciting, electric new voice.”—Financial Times “Stylistically ambitious in a way rarely seen in prose fiction . . . Writing like this will never stop enlightening us. [Wang’s] voice comes to us from the edge of a new world.”—Los Angeles Review of Books
Point defects in semiconductor materials are known to have important influence on the performance of electronic devices. For defect control, knowledge on the model of defects and their properties is required. Information on defects, such as the symmetry and the localization of spins, is essential for identification of defects and understanding their electronic structure. Such information can be obtained from Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). In many cases, the energy levels of defects can be determined from photoexcitation EPR (photo-EPR) or temperature dependence of the EPR signal. The thesis contains six papers, focusing on the identification and electronic structure investigation of defects and impurities in AlxGa1-xN (x~0.7-1) and silicon carbide (SiC) using EPR in combination with other electrical characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The two first papers concern EPR studies of silicon (Si) in AlGaN alloys. Due to its direct and wide band gap which can be tailored from 3.4 eV for GaN to 6.2 eV for AlN, high-Al-content wurtzite AlxGa1-xN (x?0.7) has been considered as a promising material for fabrication of compact, high-efficiency and non-toxic deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) for replacing low-efficiency and toxic mercury lamps in water/air purification and sterilization. Si is commonly used for n-type doping in AlGaN and AlN, but the conductivity of Si-doped AlxGa1-xN was often reported to drop abruptly at high Al content (x>0.7) and the reason was often speculated to be due to either carrier compensation by other deep levels or Si itself when it transforms from a shallow donor to a DX (or negative-U) center which acts as an acceptor. In paper 1, we showed that Si already forms a stable DX center in AlxGa1-xN with x ~0.77. However, with the Fermi level locating only ~3 meV below the neutral charge state, Ed, Si still behaves as a shallow donor. Negligible carrier compensation by oxygen (O) in Al0.77Ga0.23N:Si layers was observed, suggesting that at such Al content, O does not seem to hinder the n-type doping in the material. In paper 2, we found the coexistence of two Si DX centers, the stable DX1 and the metastable DX2, in AlxGa1-xN for x?0.84. For the stable DX1 center, abrupt deepening of the energy level of the negative charge state DX–, EDX, which determines the ionization energy Ea of the Si donor, with increasing of the Al content for x?0.83 was observed. The dependence of Ea on the Al content in AlxGa1-xN:Si layers (0.79?x?1) was determined. The results explain the drastic decrease of the conductivity as often reported for AlxGa1-xN:Si in previous transport studies. For the metastable DX2 center, we found that the EDX level remains close to Ed for x=0.84÷1. SiC is a wide band-gap semiconductor having high-thermal conductivity, high breakdown field, and large saturated electron drift velocity which are essential properties for high-voltage and high-power devices. In paper 3, the identification of niobium (Nb) in 4Hand 6H-SiC grown by high-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by EPR and theoretical calculations is presented. We showed that the incorporated Nb formed asymmetric split-vacancy defect (NbSiVC) in which Nb locates in a divacancy, closer to the Si vacancy, and prefers only the hexagonal-hexagonal configuration. In papers 4 and 5, we present the identification and the electronic structure of the negative-U Z1/Z2 center in 4HSiC. The Z1/Z2 defect is known to be the most common deep level revealed by Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown by CVD. The center is also known to be the lifetime killer in as-grown CVD material and, therefore, attracts much attention. Using high-doped n-type free-standing 4H-SiC layers irradiated with low-energy (250 keV) electrons, which mainly displace carbon atoms creating C vacancies (VC), C interstitials and their associated defects, it was possible to increase the irradiation dose and, hence, the defect concentration, allowing the application of EPR and DLTS on the same samples. In paper 4, using EPR, photo-EPR, DLTS and capacitance-voltage measurements, we showed that the Z1/Z2 center is related to the (2-|0) level of VC and its higher-lying levels Z1 and Z2 are related to the (-|0) levels of VC at the hexagonal (h) and quasi-cubic (k) sites, respectively. In paper 5, combining EPR and supercell calculations, the negatively charged VC at the k-site was identified. We obtained the excellent agreement in the energy levels of Z1/Z2 determined by DLTS and energy levels of VC calculated by supercell calculations and observed clear negative-U behaviors of the negatively charged VC at both k and h-sites by EPR measurements, consolidating our assignment of the Z1/Z2 levels to the negatively charged states of VC. In paper 6, we studied a defect related to displaced C atoms in n-type 4H-SiC irradiated by low-energy electrons. In irradiated layers, we observed an EPR center at room temperature. After annealing at temperatures in the range of 300-500 °C, this center transforms to a second configuration which is observed in darkness and can be changed back to the first configuration under illumination. Based on the observed 29Si and 13C hyperfine structures, two observed configurations of the EPR center were suggested to be related to different configurations of a carbon interstitial cluster. The annealing, bistable behaviors and energy levels of this EPR center are discussed.
This book investigates how some corporations have avoided tax liability with intellectual property holding companies, and how different constituencies are working to stop them.
This background paper to the guidance that FAO is developing on strengthening science–policy interfaces (SPIs) for agrifood systems at the national level sets provides information about the structures and patterns common to global SPIs. It aims to: 1) provide a broad overview and comparison of how international SPIs work, 2) identify a set of categories that are relevant to the work of SPIs, 3) present a systematic, comparative analysis based on publicly available data, 4) draw preliminary conclusions based on findings, and 5) suggest further avenues for study. The conceptual framework identifies three key components of SPIs that, operating together, have the potential to anticipate and respond to needs and demands for both policy and science. Governance comprises the formal and informal rules and procedures for operation and integration among the numerous actors at the interface of science and policy. Co-production specifies the mechanisms by which diverse stakeholders and knowledge types are integrated and recognized in SPI activities. Learning represents the intention and capacity of the SPI to gain insights from what works and what does not work as it carries out its tasks. The findings show that across SPIs, patterning of the three components varies.
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