Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, have become an efficient, reliable and standard tool for a wide range of applications. However, when processing GNSS data, the stochastic model characterising the precision of observations and the correlations between them is usually simplified and incomplete, leading to overly optimistic accuracy estimates. This work extends the stochastic model using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements and time series analysis of observation residuals. The proposed SNR-based observation weighting model significantly improves the results of GPS data analysis, while the temporal correlation of GPS observation noise can be efficiently described by means of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes. Furthermore, this work includes an up-to-date overview of the GNSS error effects and a comprehensive description of various mathematical methods.
The continuous migration of rural labor to cities has changed the fundamental characteristics of China's labor market, profoundly affected the country's investments, savings, technological progress and economic cycle fluctuation, and more importantly, the rapid development of non-agricultural industries. Though the significant changes in China's labor market has played a vital role in the country's economic growth, it has not been duly valued and studied. This book aims to fill the gap by studying the role of rural labor in China's economic development.The book systematically presents the three most important characteristics of China's economic development and summarizes them as 'the riddle of China's rising return on capital', 'the riddle of China's rising rate of saving', and 'the riddle of 'Okun's law' not applicable to China'. It empirically and theoretically analyses the 'three riddles' from the perspective of the migration of rural labor. It also proposes macro-policies and developmental strategies to address the 'three riddles'.
As China implements reforms under the “new normal,” maintaining stability in the labor market is a priority. The country’s demography and labor dynamics are changing, after benefitting in past decades from ample cheap labor. So far, the labor market appears to be resilient, even as growth slows, driven in part by expansion of the services sector. Migrant flows and possible labor hoarding in overcapacity sectors may also help explain this. Yet, while the latter two factors help serve as shock absorbers— contributing to labor market stability in the short term—if they persist, they may delay the needed adjustment process, contributing to an inefficient allocation of resources and curtailing productivity gains. This paper quantifies to what extent structural trends and the reform pace affect employment growth under the new normal. Delays in reform implementation would weaken growth prospects in the medium term, running the risk that job creation will fall below policy targets, leading to labor market pressures in the future. In contrast, successful transition might require faster reforms, including in the overcapacity and state-owned enterprise sectors, supported by well targeted social safety nets.
Offering important insights into the changing higher education policy context in an age increasingly defined by globalization, China's Rising Research Universities will appeal to higher education leaders and policymakers; students, faculty, and scientists who interact with Chinese counterparts; and scholars of international and comparative studies.
This book covers typical imaging features of benign and malignant bone tumors in the hip and knee. Illustrative cases have been carefully selected from thousands processed at the Orthopedic Department of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, which holds a leading position in orthopedics in China. The chapters are organized by major bone tumour diseases: osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, Ewing sarcoma, bone metastases, etc. Comprehensive imaging information, including X-ray, CT and MRI, is presented in each chapter, and is accompanied by a brief clinical history, imaging findings, differential diagnoses, in-depth analysis and key insights from respected bone tumor specialists. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable guide for musculoskeletal radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, general radiologists, and oncologists alike.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, have become an efficient, reliable and standard tool for a wide range of applications. However, when processing GNSS data, the stochastic model characterising the precision of observations and the correlations between them is usually simplified and incomplete, leading to overly optimistic accuracy estimates. This work extends the stochastic model using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements and time series analysis of observation residuals. The proposed SNR-based observation weighting model significantly improves the results of GPS data analysis, while the temporal correlation of GPS observation noise can be efficiently described by means of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes. Furthermore, this work includes an up-to-date overview of the GNSS error effects and a comprehensive description of various mathematical methods.
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