This book demonstrates how to formally model various mathematical domains (including algorithms operating in these domains) in a way that makes them amenable to a fully automatic analysis by computer software.The presented domains are typically investigated in discrete mathematics, logic, algebra, and computer science; they are modeled in a formal language based on first-order logic which is sufficiently rich to express the core entities in whose correctness we are interested: mathematical theorems and algorithmic specifications. This formal language is the language of RISCAL, a “mathematical model checker” by which the validity of all formulas and the correctness of all algorithms can be automatically decided. The RISCAL software is freely available; all formal contents presented in the book are given in the form of specification files by which the reader may interact with the software while studying the corresponding book material.
This book describes some basic principles that allow developers of computer programs (computer scientists, software engineers, programmers) to clearly think about the artifacts they deal with in their daily work: data types, programming languages, programs written in these languages that compute from given inputs wanted outputs, and programs that describe continuously executing systems. The core message is that clear thinking about programs can be expressed in a single universal language, the formal language of logic. Apart from its universal elegance and expressiveness, this “logical” approach to the formal modeling of and reasoning about computer programs has another advantage: due to advances in computational logic (automated theorem proving, satisfiability solving, model checking), nowadays much of this process can be supported by software. This book therefore accompanies its theoretical elaborations by practical demonstrations of various systems and tools that are based on respectively make use of the presented logical underpinnings.
The Nagra/PSI Chemical Thermodynamic Data Base 01/01 is an encyclopedia of thermodynamic data recommended for environmental studies. The data base focuses on elements commonly found as major solutes in natural waters, and on actinides and fission products relevant for radioactive waste disposal projects. It is the official chemical thermodynamic data base used in Swiss radioactive waste disposal projects. The detailed discussion of every number recommended in this encyclopedia is the result of a multi man-year project of the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), a Swiss National Lab. The five authors of this work have many years of experience in research, data base development and the application of thermodynamic data in environmental studies. The data included for many elements are based on their reviews of the basic literature. The data base also includes additional data selected by the authors from recommendations of other experts in ground- water geochemistry and of the international data base project of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA).This report is indispensable for every scientist working in the field of environmental studies as the comprehensive source of information on the quality of the thermodynamic data governing particular problems in environmental geochemistry, especially those concerned with the fate of hazardous substances. This enables graduate students, researchers and consultants, as well as regulators and reviewers of scientific papers to assess the scientific basis of environmental modeling studies. The encyclopedia can be used as a stand-alone source of knowledge but amplereferences are provided for readers who wish to go beyond the level of discussion in the book. An electronic version of the data base and a data base management program is available for download at our homepage (http://les.web.psi.ch/TDBbook.htm).
This third and last of the three-volume Who’s Who in Islamic Studies presents the scholarly world at long last with its own biographical encyclopaedia. Taking as a starting point the inventory of authors from the renowned Index Islamicus, the author, Wolfgang Behn (Berlin), has systematically collected numerous data on the lives and works of the tens of thousands of authors listed in the Index Islamicus from 1665 to 1980. This Biographical Companion will be an indispensable reference tool for the serious student and scholar of Islamic Studies. It enables the user to quickly gain knowledge on the life, work, and professional background of almost every major and minor author, and thus to place each author in his/her proper perspective. A tremendous achievement and a true must for every library.
Der Band bietet 94 Briefe aus der Korrespondenz Bucers von Januar bis Juli 1534. Hier setzt sich die internationale Perspektive fort, die seit Mitte 1533 zu beobachten ist. Die evangelischen Korrespondenten betrachten die europapolitische Bündnispolitik skeptisch: Bucer rechnet im Januar 1534 damit, dass Papst Clemens VI. den englischen König Heinrich VIII. an sich binden wird, während die evangelischen Fürsten im Reich noch versuchen, mit Heinrich ein Bündnis zu schließen. Anfang Februar schätzt Bucer den französischen König milder ein, mit Sorge sieht er jedoch die Bemühungen Philipps von Hessen um Franz I. Im Blick auf die Schweiz versucht Bucer in Schaffhausen auch 1534 im Abendmahlsstreit der Ortsprediger zu vermitteln. Die Korrespondenz mit den Züricher Kollegen kreist um die innerevangelische Auseinandersetzung um die Sakramentstheologie und in diesem Zusammenhang die Person Luthers. Seit dem achttägigen Besuch Bucers bei den Blarers in Konstanz im April 1533 gewinnt der Plan Gestalt, eine Ausbildungsstätte für den theologischen Nachwuchs in Straßburg zu errichten. Hinsichtlich der Einführung der Reformation in Württemberg skizziert Bucer in einem Schreiben an Philipp von Hessen und Ulrich von Württemberg sein Konzept, in dessen Zentrum die friedliche Koexistenz der evangelischen Positionen steht. Seltene Einblicke gewährt die Korrespondenz in Bucers Familienleben.
This work by two New Testament scholars is the first comprehensive social history of the earliest churches. Integrating the historical and social data, they locate the ancient Galileans, Judeans, and the Jesus movement in their respective matrices. The Stegemanns deal with such issues as conflict between the messianic communities and the rest of Judaism, religious pluralism, social stratification, group composition, gender division, ancient economics, and urban/rurual distinctions.
The region of the skull base was long considered a surgical barrier because of its complex anatomy. With few exceptions, the region immediately beyond the dura or bony skull base constituted a "no man's land" for the surgeon working from the other direction. A major reason for this was the high morbidity associated with operative procedures in that area using traditional dissection techniques. This situation changed with the advent of the operating microscope. Used initially by ear, nose and throat specialists for resective and reconstructive surgery of the petrous bone and parana sal sinuses, the operating microscope was later introduced in other areas, and neurosurgeons began using it in the mid-1960s. With technical equality thus established, the groundwork was laid for taking a new, systematic, and interdisciplinary approach to surgical problems of the skull base. Intensive and systematic cooperation between ear, nose and throat surgeons and neurologic surgeons had its origins in the departments of the University of Mainz bindly supported by our chairmen Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Kurt Schiirmann (Department of Neurosurgery) and Prof. Dr. W. Kley (Depart ment of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Head and Neck Surgery). The experience gained from this cooperation was taught in workshops held in Hannover from 1979 to 1986, acquiring a broader interdisciplinary base through the participation of specialists from the fields of anatomy, patholo gy, neuroradiology, ophthalmology, and maxillofacial surgery.
Spiritual seekers throughout history have sought illumination through solitary contemplation. In the Christian tradition, medieval England stands out for its remarkable array of hermits, recluses, and spiritual outsiders—from Cuthbert, Godric of Fichale, and Christina of Markyate to Richard Rolle, Julian of Norwich, and Margery Kempe. In The Secret Within, Wolfgang Riehle offers the first comprehensive history of English medieval mysticism in decades—one that will appeal to anyone fascinated by mysticism as a phenomenon of religious life. In considering the origins and evolution of the English mystical tradition, Riehle begins in the twelfth century with the revival of eremitical mysticism and the early growth of the Cistercian Order in the British Isles. He then focuses in depth on the great mystics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—Richard Rolle (the first great English mystic), the author of The Cloud of Unknowing, Walter Hilton, Margery Kempe, and Julian of Norwich. Riehle carefully grounds his narrative in the broader spiritual landscape of the Middle Ages, pointing out both prior influences dating back to Late Antiquity and corresponding developments in mysticism and theology on the Continent. He discusses the problem of possible differences between male and female spirituality and the movement of popularizing mysticism in the late Middle Ages. Filled with fresh insights, The Secret Within will be welcomed especially by teachers and students of medieval literature as well as by those engaged in historical, theological, philosophical, cultural, even anthropological and comparative studies of mysticism.
It has for decades been part of the canon of maxims of basic research that most images of rulers in early medieval book illustrations have been transmitted in liturgical manuscripts, i.e. manuscripts originally intended for divine worship. There have however to date been few investigations which draw serious consequences from this and which also view miniatures of rulers in the light of their functional aspects, for example as ‘memorial depictions’ (O.G. Oexle), or on the basis of the social reality of the pious motives behind their presentation. This study gives a more precise explanation of the function and purpose of ruler-images by examining a few selected early medieval miniatures. It analyzes the historical and social contexts of their genesis and the liturgical and commemorative aims of their use against the setting of the social form of remembrance of confraternity.
In the twenty-first century the basic questions of ethics are no longer the abstract terms of ethical theory, but the concrete and burning issues related to the influence of life sciences, the impact of a globalized economy, and the consequences of present decisions for the future of humankind. Ethics: The Fundamental Questions of Our Lives analyzes twenty ethical issues that address education and culture, labor and economy, the environment and sustainability, democracy and cosmopolitanism, peace and war, and life and death. Each chapter describes a concrete example showing the relevance of the fundamental ethical question, then provides an explanation of how one can think through possible responses and reactions. Huber emphasizes the connections between personal, professional, and institutional ethics and demonstrates how human relationships lie at the center of our ethical lives. His aim is to articulate a theology of what he calls "responsible freedom" that transcends individualistic self-realization and includes communal obligations.
Max Weber and Islam is a major effort by Islamic-studies specialists to reexamine and appraise Max Weber's perspectives on Islam and its historical development. Eight specialists on Islam and two sociologists explore many dimensions of Weber's comments on Islam, along with Weber's conceptual framework. The volume's introduction links the discussions to contemporary issues and debates. Wolfgang Schluchter reconstructs Weber's conceptual apparatus as it applies to Islam and its historical development. In subsequent chapters, Islamic specialists consider such major topics as the developmental history of Islam, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic reform, Islamic law and capitalism, secularization in Islam, as well as the value of attempting to apply Weber's concept of sects to Islam. While some authors find flaws in Weber's factual knowledge of Islam, they also find considerable merit in the kinds of questions Weber raised. Contributors to the volume include highly respected contemporary international scholars of Islam: Ira Lapidus, Nehemia Levtzion, Richard M. Eaton, Peter Hardy, Rudolph Peters, Barbara Metcalf, Francis Robinson, Patricia Crone, Michael Cook, and S.N. Eisenstadt. Toby Huff's introduction not only knits the thematics of the separate essays together but adds its own stresses while engaging the contributors in dialogue and debate about fundamental issues. This acute collective analysis establishes a new benchmark for understanding Weber and Islam. This book also provides an up-to-date overview of the developmental history of many aspects of Islam. A major reappraisal of the entire span of Max Weber's sociological thought on Islam, this book will appeal to a wide range of scholars and laymen interested in the Islamic world. It will be of particular interest to sociologists specializing in religion and Middle East area specialists.
MERGEFIELD AI_Copy In 1933, Jews and, to a lesser extent, political opponents of the Nazis, suffered an unprecedented loss of positions and livelihood at Germany’s universities. With few exceptions, the academic elite welcomed and justified the acts of the Nazi regime, uttered no word of protest when their Jewish and liberal colleagues were dismissed, and did not stir when Jewish students were barred admission. The subject of how German scholars responded to the Nazi regime continues to be a fascinating area of scholarship. In this collection, Rabinbach and Bialas bring some of the best scholarly contributions together in one cohesive volume, to deliver a shocking conclusion: whatever diverse motives German intellectuals may have had in 1933, the image of Nazism as an alien power imposed on German universities from without was a convenient fiction.
Stochastic numerical methods play an important role in large scale computations in the applied sciences. The first goal of this book is to give a mathematical description of classical direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) procedures for rarefied gases, using the theory of Markov processes as a unifying framework. The second goal is a systematic treatment of an extension of DSMC, called stochastic weighted particle method. This method includes several new features, which are introduced for the purpose of variance reduction (rare event simulation). Rigorous convergence results as well as detailed numerical studies are presented.
The textbook introduces the self-understanding, institutional structure and practice of the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany. The work provides a problem-oriented overview of the basic constitutional and foreign policy decisions that have constituted German democracy; the political field of forces formed by interest groups, citizens' initiatives, parties and mass media; the political institutions at the federal, state and local levels; the social reach and administrative enforcement of political decisions; the political culture including the structure of the political ruling class. The new edition also addresses, among other things, the consequences of the Corona crisis for the political system, the changing party system and the crisis of the EU after the 2021 federal election.
This commentary interprets the first part of the book of Exodus, through 15:21. It features two approaches. On the one hand, the commentary interprets the final form of the traditional Hebrew text "synchronically" by means of form criticism and modern literary methods. On the other hand, it "diachronically" reconstructs the predecessors of the final form, from its origins in an exodus composition that opposes political domination to the text's final form as a dramatic narrative about the transfer of sovereignty from the Pharaoh to the God of Israel. Concluding syntheses examine the relationship between these two interpretive approaches while adding reflections on traditional and contemporary concerns.
In the first part of this volume the nitrogen-containing compounds of molybdenum are described. The Mo-N system shows that M0 N and MoN are the stable nitrides. MOlybdenum 2 metal dissolves nitrogen to some extent but only at high temperatures. To get better insight into the reactions between nitrogen and molybdenum, the solubility, diffusion, adsorption and desorption phenomena, and ion bombardment are included in the section of the Mo-N system. M0 N has a large range of homogeneity toward lower nitrogen concentrations. The black 2 hexagonal MoN has only a narrow range of homogeneity. In addition some molybdenum compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen are known. The second part contains a full description of the compounds of molybdenum with fluorine. The fluorides MoF n with n ~ 2 are metastable while those with n = 3 to 6 are stable and have been observed in the Mo-F system. Pure MoF can exist without traces of oxygen, in co nt rast 3 to earlier assumptions. MoF was unambigously prepared and characterized in 1957. Its crystal 4 structure is still unknown. MoF is often contaminated with the oxide fluoride MoOF and it is s 4 difficult to remove. Even sm all amounts affect the properties of MoF . MoF , which is liquid at s 6 room temperature and solidifies to a "plastic" crystal modification below ca. 17SC, is the most investigated of all the molybdenum fluorides.
This textbook explains how mountains are formed and why there are old and young mountains. It provides a reconstruction of the Earths paleogeography and shows why the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together. Furthermore, it explains why the Pacific is surrounded by a ring of volcanos and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful. This thoroughly revised textbook edition addresses all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. It is a source of information for students of geology, geophysics, geography, geosciences in general, general natural sciences, as well as professionals, and interested layman.
What makes a city endure and prosper? In this masterful survey of a thousand years of urban architecture, Wolfgang Braunfels identifies certain themes common to cities as different as Siena and London, Munich and Venice ... Braunfels describes scores of cities, classifying them as cathedral cities, city-states, imperial cities, maritime cities, "ideal cities" (those towns which, planned by often absent rulers for a specefic purpose, failed to develop independent lives) ... Lavishly illustrated with city plans, bird's-eye views, early renderings, and modern photographs, Urban Design in Western Europe will both delight and instruct architects, urban planners, historians, and travelers."--Page 4 of cover
This work describes the qualification of the airborne Fourier-Transform infrared spectrometer Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding-STRatospheric aircraft (MIPAS-STR) and studies on ozone-relevant processes in the Arctic winter stratosphere. Using MIPAS-STR measurements, correlative in-situ measurements and simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), the processes denitrification and chlorine deactivation are investigated.
In the summer of 2018, the authors of the book stood in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. They marvelled at the Foucault pendulum, which made its circular movements on a long rope under the dome. Like Casaubon in Umberto Eco's book The Foucault Pendulum, the authors were amazed and wondered what could be at the ideal end of the thread pendulum. The fixed point that could give us support and security in an uncertain world and difficult times? What uncertainties, what times or even what threats are we actually talking about? Where can we find the fixed points, the safe spaces of our lives? This book deals with these and other questions. The authors found inspiration for the book in Umberto Eco. And so it is also a homage to Eco.
The leading reference on this topic has just gotten better. Building on the success of the previous two editions, all the chapters have been updated to reflect the latest developments in the field, and new chapters have been added on picolinic acids, oxathiapiprolin, flupyradifurone, and other topics. This third edition presents the most important active ingredients of modern agrochemicals, with one volume each for herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. The international team of first-class authors from such renowned crop science companies as Bayer, Syngenta, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont (now Corteva Agriscience), and BASF, address all crucial aspects from the general chemistry and the mode of action to industrial-scale synthesis, as well as from the development of products and formulations to their application in the field. A comprehensive and invaluable source of timely information for all of those working in modern biology, including genetics, biochemistry and chemistry, and for those in modern crop protection science, whether governmental authorities, researchers in agrochemical companies, scientists at universities, conservationists, or managers in organizations and companies involved in improvements to agricultural production.
Modern diagnostic imaging and operative approaches have witnessed significant improvements in our times. Computerassisted methods are in use in all microsurgical fields. Neuronavigation, novel stereotactic methods, endoscopic procedures, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and the progress in pre- and intraoperative epilepsy diagnostics must be mentioned in particular in this connection. However, the insights of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have not become obsolete thereby, on the contrary: such knowledge is imperative and a prerequisite for all neurosurgeons, nowadays more than ever before. Otherwise, excellent modern approaches are liable to fall into discredit if microanatomical aspects are neglected. The goal of this book is two-fold: first, to guide the resident towards a fruitful application of anatomical basics in visualizing and operative techniques. Second, to draw attention to as many anatomical norm variants as possible to forestall complications during surgery. Standard methods, such as the pterional approach, often confront the surgeon with a range of anatomical variants.
An endlessly perplexing question of the twentieth century is how ?decent? people came to allow, and sometimes even participate in, the Final Solution. Fear obviously had its place, as did apathy. But how does one explain the silence of those people who were committed, active, and often fearless opponents of the Nazi regime on other grounds?those who spoke out against Nazi activities in many areas yet whose response to genocide ranged from tepid disquiet to avoidance? One such group was the Confessing Church, Protestants who often risked their own safety to aid Christian victims of Nazi oppression but whose response to pogroms against Jews was ambivalent.
SPREADING IDEAS FROM STUDENTS FOR BIODIVERSITY ISSUES: RURAL 3.0 - BIRDSAVING PROJECT IDEAS Artistic Service Learning Projects for Birdsaving Deutsch und Englisch
Expanded to twice as many entries as the 1985 edition, and updated with new publications, new editions of previous entries, titles missed the first time around, more of the artists' own writings, and monographs that deal with significant aspects or portions of an artist's work though not all of it. The listing is alphabetical by artist, and the index by author. The works cited include analytical and critical, biographical, and enumerative; their formats range from books and catalogues raisonnes to exhibition and auction sale catalogues. A selection of biographical dictionaries containing information on artists is arranged by country. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
In this thesis, the Heisenberg-Pauli-Weyl uncertainty principle on the real line and the Breitenberger uncertainty on the unit circle are generalized to Riemannian manifolds. The proof of these generalized uncertainty principles is based on an operator theoretic approach involving the commutator of two operators on a Hilbert space. As a momentum operator, a special differential-difference operator is constructed which plays the role of a generalized root of the radial part of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Further, it is shown that the resulting uncertainty inequalities are sharp. In the final part of the thesis, these uncertainty principles are used to analyze the space-frequency behavior of polynomial kernels on compact symmetric spaces and to construct polynomials that are optimally localized in space with respect to the position variance of the uncertainty principle.
This timely text covers the theory and practice of surface and nanostructure determination by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD): it is the first book on such quantitative structure analysis in over 30 years. It provides a detailed description of the theory, including cutting-edge developments and tested experimental methods. The focus is on quantitative techniques, while the qualitative interpretation of the LEED pattern without quantitative I(V) analysis is also included. Topics covered include the future study of nanoparticles, quasicrystals, thermal parameters, disorder and modulations of surfaces with LEED, with introductory sections enabling the non-specialist to follow all the concepts and applications discussed. With numerous colour figures throughout, this text is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students and researchers, whether experimentalists or theorists, in the fields of surface science, nanoscience and related technologies. It can serve as a textbook for graduate-level courses of one or two semesters.
For many years, digital signal processing has been governed by the theory of Fourier transform and its numerical implementation. The main disadvantage of Fourier theory is the underlying assumption that the signals have time-wise or space-wise invariant statistical properties. In many applications the deviation from a stationary behavior is precisely the information to be extracted from the signals. Wavelets were developed to serve the purpose of analysing such instationary signals. The book gives an introduction to wavelet theory both in the continuous and the discrete case. After developing the theoretical fundament, typical examples of wavelet analysis in the Geosciences are presented. The book has developed from a graduate course held at The University of Calgary and is directed to graduate students who are interested in digital signal processing. The reader is assumed to have a mathematical background on the graduate level.
This standard textbook covers in its extensively revised 5th edition all main directions of geodesy, providing the theoretical background as well as modern principles of measurement and evaluation methods. Today’s geodetic work is comprehensively presented by numerous examples of instruments. New: Novel geodetic reference system; Future gravity field mission concepts and technologies; Principle of quantum gravimetry.
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