Wolfgang Capito (1478–1541), a leading Christian Hebraist and Catholic churchman who converted to Protestantism, was a pivotal figure in the history of the Reformation. After serving as a professor of theology in Basel and adviser to the archbishop of Mainz, he moved to Strasbourg, which became, largely due to his efforts, one of the most important centres of the Reformation movement after Wittenberg. This penultimate volume in the series is a fully annotated translation of Capito’s existing correspondence covering the years 1532–36 and culminating in the Wittenberg Concord between the Lutheran and Reformed churches. The correspondence includes Capito’s efforts, alongside those of his colleague Martin Bucer, to negotiate that compromise. Other letters deal with local, political, financial, and doctrinal questions, as well as Capito’s personal life. The letters demonstrate the importance of Capito and his colleagues in providing advice in matters concerning the churches in southern Germany and Switzerland, but also regarding the evangelicals in neighbouring France. Milton Kooistra’s annotation provides historical context by identifying classical, patristic, and biblical quotations as well as persons and places. Continuing in the tradition of rigorous scholarship established in Volume 1 and Volume 2, this volume provides crucial details on the evolution of Capito’s thought and its contribution to the Reformation movement.
Max Weber and His Contemporaries provides an unrivalled tour d'horizon of European intellectual life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and an assessment of the pivotal position within it occupied by Max Weber. Weber's many interests in and contributions to, such diverse fields as epistemology, political sociology, the sociology of religion and economic history are compared with and connected to those of his friends, pupils and antagonists and also of those contemporaries with whom he had neither a personal relationship nor any kind of scholoarly exchange. Several contributors also explore Weber's attitudes towards the most important political positions of his time (socialism, conservatism and anarchism) and his own involvement in German politics. This volume contributes not only to a better understanding of one of the most eminent modern thinkers and social scientists, but also provides an intellectual biography of a remarkable generation. This book was first published in 1987.
Wolfgang Welsch demonstrates for the first time that transculturality – the mixed constitution of cultures – is by no means only a characteristic of the present, but has de facto determined the composition of cultures since time immemorial. The historical transculturality is demonstrated using examples from the arts. While transculturality was often viewed with reservation where political, social, or psychological levels were at stake, it was rather welcomed and appreciated in the field of art. The book therefore demonstrates the historical prevalence of transculturality via all areas of art and does so with respect to all cultures and continents of our world.
Anders als im Briefwechsel des ersten Halbjahres 1533 begegnen nun internationale Perspektiven: Der Konzilsinitiative Karls V. begegnet Bucer wegen der vom Papst gestellten Vorbedingungen skeptisch. Er verfasst aber eine Fürbereytung zum Concilio, die zusammen mit Desiderius Erasmus’ entsprechenden Schriften den Weg zur Einheit weisen soll. Im Blick auf die Schweiz hat Bucers Reise (April bis Mai 1533) die Beziehungen gefestigt, und die Korrespondenz aus den besuchten Orten wächst an. Auch an den Ereignissen im Reich nimmt Bucer regen Anteil: Sein Interesse gilt der Lage Konstanz’ im Zinsstreit mit dem Bischof. Ulm sucht einen Nachfolger fur den verstorbenen Prediger Konrad Sam; Bucer diskutiert mit Ambrosius Blarer mögliche Kandidaten und gibt Ratschläge zum Eherecht. Aus Münster erreicht Bucer die Bitte um eine Stellungnahme zu Bernhard Rothmanns Aktivitäten, aus Nürnberg die Klage Andreas Osianders über seine Ortskollegen. Dass der Esslinger Predigerstreit mit der Entlassung von Martin Fuchs eskalierte, bedrückt Bucer sehr. Die Berufung Gervasius Schulers nach Memmingen freut Bucer, ebenso die Beruhigung der Lage in Kempten nach der Entlassung der lutherischen Prediger. Zu Augsburg intensiviert sich der Kontakt, vor allem zu Gereon Sailer. In Straßburg gelten Bucers Aktivitäten neben der Vorbereitung der Herbstsynode dem Bildungswesen. Seltene Einblicke gewahrt die Korrespondenz in Bucers Familienleben.
This book begins from the assumption that we have entered an era where the concept of political representation is seriously compromised. Eschewing the flawed promise of acting for the ‘common good’, or in accordance with the ‘general will’ of an homogenous body politic, it delves into the process of individuation, the diverse reality of individuals and communities alike in order to elucidate contemporary experience as relational phenomena of networked human and non-human actors. Clearly this task is ambitious, for it must bridge the gap between the needs, aspirations, emotions, and anxieties of individuals on the one hand, and the desired emergence of collective co-operation on the other. Now that we have entered an age where the irresistible rise of global mega cities and big data appear to determine the outlook for generations to come, it is more pertinent than ever to challenge the technological promise of a future where numbers speak for themselves. The full-blown heterogeneity of the multitude thrives on the general intellect and the activity of the speaker. To act is to start anew and to intervene in the circulation of empty signifiers upon which we are called to assign the name of an event. Emancipating the Many therefore is a book about difference marked as intervention, an emergent ‘constitution of time’.
In the second edition of this classic monograph, complete with four new chapters and updated references, readers will now have access to content describing and analysing classical and modern methods with emphasis on the algebraic structure of linear iteration, which is usually ignored in other literature. The necessary amount of work increases dramatically with the size of systems, so one has to search for algorithms that most efficiently and accurately solve systems of, e.g., several million equations. The choice of algorithms depends on the special properties the matrices in practice have. An important class of large systems arises from the discretization of partial differential equations. In this case, the matrices are sparse (i.e., they contain mostly zeroes) and well-suited to iterative algorithms. The first edition of this book grew out of a series of lectures given by the author at the Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel to students of mathematics. The second edition includes quite novel approaches.
The history of the German novel would have, however, also to record that those writers have secured the most permanent distinction who have most significantly modified in their own way the suggestions which foreign examples gave them, and that the greatest distinction of all belongs to writers whom we can, if we will, associate with one or another of the main currents, but who are by no means carried away by it. In the work of these men the national character of the German novel, if it has a national character, ought to be discoverable. The German novel after Goethe followed his lead. The idea of education by experience, and the idea of the symbolical presentation of the inexplicable background of life, give to some of the greatest examples of prose fiction of the nineteenth century-such as Mörike's "Maler Nolten," Keller's "Grüner Heinrich," and Spielhagen's "Problematische Naturen" — this Goethean, Romantic picturesqueness. If the heroes are seldom great public characters and the background of their lives does not always suggest relations with illimitable space, these facts find their explanation in the German proneness to particularism The best works of four German authors are collected here: and nbsp;Johann Wolfgang von and nbsp;Goethe, and nbsp;Gottfried Keller, and nbsp;Theodor Storm, and nbsp;Theodor Fontane.
In recent decades the life circumstances of most people around the world have changed enormously. We are again expecting scarcity and economic crisis, the danger of war, terrorism and environmental destruction. However, people’s tendencies toward selfishness and the misuse of freedom, uprooting, dissoluteness and crime are also increasingly being seen as threats to society and individual citizens. The decline of support-giving religious, worldview and moral traditions has given rise to great uncertainty about values. Citizens increasingly experience this as a burden, and are becoming more receptive to a reassessment. More of us are seeking a new orientation. Those responsible for children or youth require this with special urgency, because uncertainty in value orientations also creates uncertainty in education. Are there ways to escape this dilemma? How can we achieve new clarity on the worldview and moral foundations of education? To what ends should we direct education? With what difficulties should we reckon? What tasks must parents fulfil and which should be assigned to teachers? These are the topics dealt with in this book. It provides answers to the questions of parents, teachers and other educators, as well as to those of politicians, economic leaders and spiritual counsellors. It will serve to stimulate thought and contribute to achieving agreement on the central educational tasks of our time.
Der Bautyp Bibliotheken unterlag in den letzten zehn Jahren einem enormen Wandel. Meilensteine wie Rem Koolhaas‘ Stadtbibliothek in Seattle von 2004 definierten den Typus komplett neu und spiegelten die Entwicklung vom elitären Bildungstempel hin zum öffentlichen Wohnzimmer. Mischformen zwischen Bibliothek und Kaufhaus oder Theater entstanden. Zudem ist die Allgegenwart elektronischer Medien planerisch zu berücksichtigen; jede neue Bibliothek enthält heute Bereiche komplett ohne Bücher. Dieses Grundlagenwerk stellt in einem breiten systematischen Teil die entwurflichen, technischen und planerischen Voraussetzungen des Bibliotheksbaus dar. Spezialaspekte wie RFID, Zeichensysteme, Akustik oder besondere statische Anforderungen werden in eigenen Beiträgen von Experten erläutert. In vier Kategorien – Nationalbibliotheken, große öffentliche Bibliotheken, kleine öffentliche Bibliotheken, wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken – werden schließlich ca. 40 internationale wegweisende Projekte dokumentiert, darunter Jo Coenens Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam, Alvaro Sizas Kleinod der Stadtbibliothek für Viana do Castelo oder Mecanoos 2013 eröffnete Library of Birmingham.
This book is a scientific basis for understanding the urgent need for a Great Transformation to a third step in social evolution. Already being a community of common destiny, humanity can form an actual unity through diversity to avoid extinction. Social actors can recognise informational imperatives for cognition, communication and co-operation to achieve such a unity. By doing so, they apply a logic that underlies the structuration of any agency, which is a real logic of self-organising systems from the physical to the social. This logic is the Logic of the Third — the Third is a meta-structure that emerges in a leap. The agents interact and when they co-act they are likely to form a real meta-structure of organisational relations. Informational agents anticipate this by generating requisite information in their attempt to cope with complex challenges. Such an information is a meta-structure too. The Third helps achieve synergy effects.This book discusses considerations from philosophy, systems theory, the study of information, social systems, social information, ecology and technology. It addresses ethical issues connected with the long-forgotten arms race in an atomic age, the global warming not yet under control, the pandemic misunderstood, the social question still unanswered.
In a wide arc from the Paleolithic to the present day, this book explores the changing structure of human experience and its impact on the dynamics of cultures, civilizations, and political ideas. The main thesis is a paradigm shift: the structure of human experience is not a universal constant but changes over time. Looking at the entire range of human history, there are a total of nine transformations, beginning with conscious perception and imagination in the Paleolithic and ending, for the time being, in modern times with the discovery of the unconscious. In between, this book explores six more transformations that took place in different regions and at different times, which include a sense of order, self-reflection, the eye of reason, spiritual experience, as well as the experience of creativity and of consciousness. As such, The History of Experience presents both a cross-cultural and comparative theory of experience and cultural dynamics, and an exploration of rich materials from East and West. This book is of great use to upper-level undergraduates, postgraduates, and scholars interested in the relationship between history, human experience, culture, and political order.
This book offers a comprehensive study and account of the co-evolution of technological and scientific literature in the early modern period (1450-1750). It examines the various relationships of these literatures in six areas of knowledge – Architecture, Chemistry, Gunnery, Mechanical Engineering, Mining, and Practical Mathematics – which represent the main types of advanced technological and scientific knowledge of the era. These six fields of technologically advanced knowledge and their interrelations and interactions with learned knowledge are investigated and discussed through a specific lens: by focusing on the technological literature. Among present-day historians of science, it hardly remains controversial that contact and exchange between educated and practical knowledge played a significant role in the development of the natural sciences and technology in early modern Europe. Several paths for such exchange arose from the late Middle Ages onward due to the formation of an economy of knowledge that fostered contacts and exchange between the two worlds. How can this development be adequately described and how, on the basis of such a description, can the significance of this process for the early modern history of knowledge in the West be assessed? These are the overarching questions this book tries to answer. There exists a considerable amount of literature concerning several stations and events in the course of this long development process as well as its various aspects. As meritorious and indispensable as many of these studies are, none of them tried to portray this process as a whole with its most essential branches. What is more, many of them implicitly or explicitly took physics as a model of science, and thus highlighted mechanics and mechanical engineering as the model of all interrelations of practical and learned knowledge. By contrast, this book aims at a more complete portrait of the early modern interrelations and interactions between learned and practical knowledge. It tries to convey a new idea of the variety and disunity of these relations by discussing and comparing altogether six widely different fields of knowledge and practice. The targeted audience of this book is first of all the historians of science and technology. As one of the peer reviewers suggested – the book could very well become a textbook used for teaching the history of science and technology at universities. Furthermore, since the book addresses fundamental aspects of the significance emergence and development of modern science has for the self-image of the West, it can be expected that it will attract the attention and interest of a wider readership than professional historians.
A major work of German historiography, this comprehensive account of Weber's political views and activities reveals that, paradoxically, Weber was at once an ardent liberal and a determined German nationalist and imperialist. Wolfgang J. Mommsen shows the important links between these seemingly conflicting positions and provides a critique of Weber's sociology of power and his concept of democratic rule. First published in German in 1959, Max Weber and German Politics appeared in a revised edition in 1974 and became available in an English translation only in 1984. In writing this work, Mommsen drew extensively on Weber's published and unpublished essays, newspaper articles, memoranda, and correspondence.
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