This publication contains a selection of papers presented at a conference discussing fundamental issues in the economics of transition, aspects of liberalization/privatization/stabilization and the experience of selected countries. The sessions lead to a number of hypotheses:- There is a need to analyze historical and economic aspects of phases of relative success of the socialist system of central planning- Next to the important role of distribution of personal incomes and wealth for the success of the transformation process, the question of "optimal change of personal income and wealth distribution" during the process of transformation has to be raised.- In assessing the costs and benefits of reform policies, any methodological approach should take into account an intertemporal perspective- How much does the EU continue protectionism against countries which will not become its members in the near future?- The role of the institutional environment shall not be neglected when analyzing the process of transition: financial markets e. g. are of great relevance for sound development.- An early status of independence for the central bank from public finance obligations appears to help to eliminate the monetary overhang.- A quick, almost instant liberalization strategy (countries of Central and Eastern Europe) seems to be more successful than gradual liberalization (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) along with interventionism of trade policy.
Tried and tested methods for training beginners the teaching of rowing techniques and coaching are complemented by an overview and description of various fields of application in rowing such as rowing as a leisure activity, and itinerant rowing.
This book covers in a textbook-like fashion the basics or organic solar cells, addressing the limits of photovoltaic energy conversion and giving a well-illustrated introduction to molecular electronics with focus on the working principle and characterization of organic solar cells. Further chapters based on the author’s dissertation focus on the electrical processes in organic solar cells by presenting a detailed drift-diffusion approach to describe exciton separation and charge-carrier transport and extraction. The results, although elaborated on small-molecule solar cells and with focus on the zinc phthalocyanine: C60 material system, are of general nature. They propose and demonstrate experimental approaches for getting a deeper understanding of the dominating processes in amorphous thin-film based solar cells in general. The main focus is on the interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics (J-V curve). This very standard measurement technique for a solar cell reflects the electrical processes in the device. Comparing experimental to simulation data, the author discusses the reasons for S-Shaped J-V curves, the role of charge carrier mobilities and energy barriers at interfaces, the dominating recombination mechanisms, the charge carrier generation profile, and other efficiency-limiting processes in organic solar cells. The book concludes with an illustrative guideline on how to identify reasons for changes in the J-V curve. This book is a suitable introduction for students in engineering, physics, material science, and chemistry starting in the field of organic or hybrid thin-film photovoltaics. It is just as valuable for professionals and experimentalists who analyze solar cell devices.
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