The first twenty years of the European Central Bank (ECB) offer a clear demonstration of how a central bank can navigate macroeconomic insecurity and crisis. As the global economy moves into a new phase of unheralded uncertainty, the story of the ECB holds multiple lessons of wider significance for the central banking community and researchers of monetary policy. This volume provides a unique account of how the ECB has reacted to the challenges confronting the euro area through its monetary policy, turning to innovative measures and unprecedented policy actions to fend off the various threats posed by the global financial turmoil of 2007/08, the euro area sovereign debt market crisis, and the subsequent period of anaemic growth and deflationary pressures. It also addresses some of the criticisms the ECB has faced regarding its policy initiatives. It identifies the ultimate motivation behind the ECB's cautious attitude in the early phases of the financial crisis, and its peculiar definition of price stability and attention for credit creation, as well as addressing the criticism that central banks were fundamentally unprepared to head off a major financial cataclysm as they were wedded to a deficient economic paradigm which made them blind to financial risks. It also shows that the ECB's unconventional low-interest policies have not compromised the position of financial intermediaries in the way commentators initially predicted they would. By condensing the facts and lessons of the first 20 years of the ECB, this volume will acquaint the reader with the structures and decision-making processes behind the complex, often controversial, crisis measures that were taken during some of the toughest economic challenges in the history of modern Europe, and provide them with fresh ex-post analysis on their effect on the real economy and inflation.
This book has been prepared during my work as a research assistant at the Institute for Statistics and Econometrics of the Economics Department at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. It was accepted as a Ph.D. thesis titled "Term Structure Modeling and Estimation in a State Space Framework" at the Department of Economics of the University of Bielefeld in November 2004. It is a pleasure for me to thank all those people who have been helpful in one way or another during the completion of this work. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Professor Joachim Frohn, not only for his guidance and advice throughout the com pletion of my thesis but also for letting me have four very enjoyable years teaching and researching at the Institute for Statistics and Econometrics. I am also grateful to my second advisor Professor Willi Semmler. The project I worked on in one of his seminars in 1999 can really be seen as a starting point for my research on state space models. I thank Professor Thomas Braun for joining the committee for my oral examination.
The new edition of this book incorporates the recent remarkable changes in electric power generation, transmission and distribution. The consequences of the latest development to High Voltage (HV) test and measuring techniques result in new chapters on Partial Discharge measurements, Measurements of Dielectric Properties, and some new thoughts on the Shannon Theorem and Impuls current measurements. This standard reference of the international high-voltage community combines high voltage engineering with HV testing techniques and HV measuring methods. Based on long-term experience gained by the authors the book reflects the state of the art as well as the future trends in testing and diagnostics of HV equipment. It ensures a reliable generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The book is intended not only for experts but also for students in electrical engineering and high-voltage engineering.
High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering A comprehensive graduate-level textbook on high voltage insulation engineering, updated to reflect emerging trends and techniques in the field High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering presents systematic coverage of the behavior of dielectric materials. This classic textbook opens with clear explanations of fundamental terminology, electric-field classification, and field estimation techniques. Subsequent chapters describe the field dependent performance of gaseous, vacuum, liquid, and solid dielectrics under different classified field conditions, and illustrate the monitoring of electrical insulation conditions by both single and continuous online methods. Throughout the text, numerous tables, figures, diagrams, and images are provided to strengthen understanding of all material. Fully revised to incorporate the most current technological application techniques, the second edition offers an entirely new section on condition monitoring of electrical insulation. Updated chapters discuss recent developments in gas-filled power apparatus, present-day trends in the use replacement of liquid insulating materials, the latest applications of new solid dielectrics in high voltage engineering, vacuum technology and liquid insulating materials, and more. This edition features a brand-new case study exploring the estimation of clearance requirements for 25 kV electric traction. Readers will also find the new edition: Provides new coverage of advances in the field, such as the application of polymer insulators and the use of SF6 gas and its mixtures in gas-insulated systems/substations (GIS) Uses a novel approach that explores the field dependent behavior of dielectrics Explains the “weakly nonuniform field,” a unique concept introduced both conceptually and analytically in Germany A separate chapter provides the new approach to the mechanism of lightning phenomenon, which also includes the phenomenon of “Ball Lightning” The dielectric properties of vacuum and the development in the application of vacuum technology in power circuit breakers is covered in an exclusive chapter In-depth coverage of the performance of the sulphur-hexafluoride gas and its mixtures applicable to the design of Gas Insulated Systems including dry power transformers High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering, Second Edition, remains the perfect textbook for graduate students, teachers, academic researchers, and utility and power industry engineers and scientists involved in the field.
The Book Covers In Detail The Behaviour Of Gaseous, Liquid And Solid Dielectrics, Including Vacuum, In Electric Fields Present In High Voltage Power Systems. Insulating Materials Are Classified According To Their Sources, Production And Applications Before Describing Their Dielectric Properties. Their Performance Under Dc, Ac And Impulse Voltages Is Described For All The Three Configurations Of Fields Defined As Uniform, Weakly Nonuniform Andextremelynonuniform.Analytical And Computational Methods Of Electric Stress Estimation In The Dielectrics As Well As Stress Control And Optimization Techniques Are Alsocovered. While Describing The Breakdown Strengths, A Distinction Is Made Between Intrinsic And Practical Strengths Of The Dielectrics. Factors Which Influence The Breakdown Have Been Emphasized. Efforts Have Been Made In Selecting Actual Measured Characteristics From The Vast Number Of Literature Referred. A Reader Would Find It Of Practical Importance.Contents Of The Book Have Been Evolved From The Graduate Level Courses Developed For The Curricula At Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany And Indian Institute Of Technology Kanpur, India. These Should Also Be Useful And Of Sufficient Interest To Engineers From Utilities And Industries Dealing With High Voltage Insulation, Besides Those Involved In Research.
This book sets out statistical methods which can be used in the preparation, execution, evaluation and interpretation of experiments in high-voltage engineering, of a random nature.
It is the intent of this book to combine high-voltage (HV) engineering with HV testing technique and HV measuring technique. Based on long-term experience gained by the authors as lecturer and researcher as well as member in international organizations, such as IEC and CIGRE, the book will reflect the state of the art as well as the future trends in testing and diagnostics of HV equipment to ensure a reliable generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The book is intended not only for experts but also for students in electrical engineering and high-voltage engineering.
This monograph is about how the Scots language is discursively constructed, both from ‘above’ (through texts such as educational policies, debates in parliament and official websites) and from ‘below’ (in focus group discussions among Scottish people). It uses the interdisciplinary discourse-historical approach to critical discourse analysis to examine what discursive strategies are used in different texts, and also to investigate salient features of context. This allows a broader discussion of the role of this language in Scotland, and how different ways of constructing a language can percolate through society, appearing in both important, elite texts and discussions among ordinary people. It thus contributes to the body of knowledge about contemporary Scots, but also expands the range of possible applications for critical discourse analysis approaches.
Here is a new book devoted to prevention efforts outside of the United States. Chapters present prevention efforts from a variety of countries, including Costa Rica, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland, and reflect the diversity in the cultures of the authors. Despite cultural differences, common themes emergemainly an orientation toward the community and a focus on empowerment. International Approaches to Prevention in Mental Health and Human Services increases knowledge of differences and similarities in prevention strategies from around the world and stimulates international relationships which can enrich the field of prevention for all.
Wolfgang W. E. Samuel, Colonel, US Air Force (Ret.), interweaves his story and that of his family with the larger history of World War II and the postwar world through a moving recollection and exploration of Fassberg, a small town in Germany few have heard of and fewer remember. Created in 1933 by the Hitler regime to train German aircrews, Fassberg hosted Samuel’s father in 1944–45 as an officer in the German air force. As fate and Germany's collapse chased young Wolfgang, Fassberg later became his home as a postwar refugee, frightened, traumatized, hungry, and cold. Built for war, Fassberg made its next mark as a harbinger of the new Cold War, serving as one of the operating bases for Allied aircraft during the Berlin Airlift in 1948. With the end of the Berlin Crisis, the airbase and town faced a dire future. When the Royal Air Force declared the airbase surplus to its needs, it also signed the place's death warrant, yet increasing Cold War tensions salvaged both base and town. Fassberg transformed again, this time into a forward operating base for NATO aircraft, including a fighter flown by Samuel's son. Both personal revelation and world history, replete with tales from pilots, mechanics, and all those whose lives intersected there, Flights from Fassberg provides context to the Berlin Airlift and its strategic impact, the development of NATO, and the establishment of the West German nation. The little town built for war survived to serve as a refuge for a lasting peace.
The patient room is the smallest cell of the hospital organism. Its layout determines the structure of the ward and is therefore a decisive factor for the entire building. Many requirements have to be met. The patient's sense of well-being can be positively influenced by the design: homely materials, an attractive view and sufficient privacy are important objectives. Equally important are the working conditions for the staff, especially short distances and an efficient care routine. Finally, even the risk of infection can be reduced by a conscientiously planned room layout. This publication provides a systematic overview of the design task patient room and shows exemplary solutions: both typologically and in selected case studies.
A groundbreaking account of the Nazi-Islamist alliance that changed the course of World War II and influences the Arab world to this day. During the 1930s and 1940s, a unique and lasting political alliance was forged among Third Reich leaders, Arab nationalists, and Muslim religious authorities. From this relationship sprang a series of dramatic events that, despite their profound impact on the course of World War II, remained secret until now. In this groundbreaking book, esteemed Middle East scholars Barry Rubin and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz uncover for the first time the complete story of this dangerous alliance and explore its continuing impact on Arab politics in the twenty-first century. Rubin and Schwanitz reveal, for example, the full scope of Palestinian leader Amin al-Husaini’s support of Hitler’s genocidal plans against European and Middle Eastern Jews. In addition, they expose the extent of Germany’s long-term promotion of Islamism and jihad. Drawing on unprecedented research in European, American, and Middle East archives, many recently opened and never before written about, the authors offer new insight on the intertwined development of Nazism and Islamism and its impact on the modern Middle East. “[Nazis, Islamists] reinsert[s] racial ideology into the study of the desert conflict and thereby offer[s] new insights into the Nazis’ relationships with their North African and Middle Eastern partners.” —Mia Lee, Contemporary European History “Thoroughly researched and closely argued.” —David Pryce-Jones, National Review “The odd-couple marriage between Nazis and Arab nationalists has come under increasingly revealing scrutiny over the last decade. Here, fresh research from previously unexamined archives explicitly ties that frightening nexus to today’s Middle East.”—Gene Santoro, World War II magazine “This book tells a remarkable and–to me at least–little known but very important story.” —Marshall Poe, New Books in History
Wolfgang Gründinger explores how interest groups, veto opportunities, and electoral pressure formed the German energy transition: nuclear exit, renewables, coal (CCS), and emissions trading. His findings provide evidence that logics of political competition in new German politics have fundamentally changed over the last two decades with respect to five distinct mechanisms: the end of ’fossil-nuclear’ corporatism, the new importance of trust in lobbying, ’green ’ path dependence, the emergence of a ’Green Grand Coalition’, and intra-party fights over energy politics.
This book is about snakebite and snake identification in ancient Egypt. The authors--in a remarkable collaboration between the fields of Egyptology, medicine, herpetology, biology, and ecology--offer a new examination of the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, better-known as the Snakebite Papyrus, a pragmatic medical treatise concerned with snake identification, snakebite, and treatment. Dating to sometime in the seventh through fourth centuries BCE, the document is the first-known structured treatise on snakebites from antiquity. The preserved paragraphs name 24 snakes (and one chameleon), providing a brief description of the snake, sometimes its habits, the appearance of its bite, and the effects on the victim. The papyrus was intended to enable the ancient physician to identify the snake from the description given by the patient in order to give appropriate prognosis and treatment. As there was little effective treatment for snake bites in ancient Egypt, sometimes the physician resorted to magical incantations to invoke divine assistance. The Snakebite Papyrus was first translated into French by Serge Sauneron and published posthumously in 1989. Major advances in fields such as biogeography, climate and niche modeling, and linguistics in the past thirty years have brought new perspectives. The authors provide a review of Sauneron's and more recent studies and bring their own investigations, results, and comparisons to further clarify this remarkable historical document.
This atlas presents 233 virus diagrams selected for their scientific content, clarity, originality, and historic, didactic, and aesthetic value. Virus Life in Diagrams assembles the many diagrams of viral life cycles, particle assembly, and strategies of nucleic acid replication that are scattered throughout the literature. The diagrams cover vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal viruses, viroids, and prions. They offer a dynamic illustration of the time course of viral life cycles not available in photographs. They also offer speculative elements that project the possible results of future research, as well as historical documentation that shows the development of virology. This valuable reference book for virologists, microbiologists, molecular biologists, geneticists, and students in these areas is the first atlas to compile illustrations of viral morphogenesis in one complete source.
A Nazi Germany fighter pilot gives readers a bird's-eye view from the cockpit of aerial combat against the Allied forces in World War II. Within weeks of war being declared, Wolfgang Fischer had volunteered to join the Luftwaffe and spent nearly five of the succeeding six years of hostilities in uniform. During this time he was given a succession of postings varying from a long-range recce unit; as a decoder in a met office in occupied France; to a bomber squadron; and as a flying instructor, before joining a squadron of the famous Richthofen Geschwader in Italy, from where he was shot down in his FW 190 by Mustangs en route to Normandy. By now a Lieutenant, he survived to fly offensive rocket attacks over Gold Beach on D-Day, only to be shot down again on D+1, and captured and sent first to a hospital in the UK, then into captivity in the USA. He was finally repatriated in April 1946. His description of all these events is entertaining and well-written, ranging from comic to tragic. It is unique in flavor, giving a valuable insight into the undeniably typical lot of those serving in the air arm of the Third Reich. Expertly translated and edited by John Weal, this is a worthy accompaniment to Norbert Hannig's Luftwaffe Fighter Ace published by Grub Street in 2004.
Compares and explores how social democratic governments have had to adapt to globalization, European integration and social change; and whether they have successfully managed to uphold old social democratic goals and values in light of the devaluation of traditional policy instruments.
This book, the first of this kind, provides a comprehensive introduction to ultrafast phenomena, covering the fundamentals of ultrafast spin and charge dynamics, femtosecond magnetism, all-optical spin switching, and high-harmonic generation. It covers the experimental tools, including ultrafast pump-probe experiments, and theoretical methods including quantum chemistry and density functional theory, both time-independent and time-dependent. The authors explain in clear language how an ultrafast laser pulse is generated experimentally, how it can induce rapid responses in electrons and spins in molecules, nanostructures and solids (magnetic materials and superconductors), and how it can create high-harmonic generation from atoms and solids on the attosecond timescale. They also show how this field is driving the next generation of magnetic storage devices through femtomagnetism, all-optical spin switching in ferrimagnets and beyond, magnetic logic in magnetic molecules, and ultrafast intense light sources, incorporating numerous computer programs, examples, and problems throughout, to show how the beautiful research can be done behind the scene. Key features: · Provides a clear introduction to modern ultrafast phenomena and their applications in physics, chemistry, materials sciences, and engineering. · Presents in detail how high-harmonic generation occurs in atoms and solids. · Explains ultrafast demagnetization and spin switching, a new frontier for development of faster magnetic storage devices. · Includes numerous worked-out examples and problems in each chapter, with real research codes in density functional theory and quantum chemical calculations provided in the chapters and in the Appendices. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers in physics, chemistry, biology, materials sciences, and engineering.
All You Need to Know About Spiders Spiders are super predators and devour everything they can overpower. To do this, they have developed incredibly good catching techniques and, with spider silk, a tool that makes material technology green with envy. The males are usually smaller than the females and, in order to have sex, they have to come up with a lot to avoid being misunderstood as easy prey: Dancing, drumming, and gifts almost always help. Spiders use their venom in very precise doses, and since humans are not on their menu, they are harmless to us. Many people's (unnecessary) fear of spiders finds cultural roots as early as the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, spider fear is easily treatable. There is no habitat or building without spiders. And that's a good thing, because spiders have fascinating properties and their world is full of surprises. Everything you need to know about them is explained in this book in understandable language by experts for laymen. In addition, some of the most common spider species in the house and garden are briefly presented with tips for observation. The authorsThis book is authored by eight scientists, all of them members of the Association for the Promotion of Spider Research: Wolfgang Nentwig, Jutta Ansorg, Angelo Bolzern, Holger Frick, Anne-Sarah Ganske, Ambros Hänggi, Christin Kropf und Anna Stäubli
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