This SpringerBrief explores unconventional functions of eight different transcription factors and concludes with a discussion of their biological significance and impact, including effects on processes within the cell nucleaus during development and in adult organisms. Chapter One details unconventional functions of the transcription factors GAGA, HP1, Rb, STAT, ATF-2 and NF-kB. Surprisingly, all of these transcription factors can be found in association with heterochromatin as well as euchromatin, and in some cases unconventional functions have been demonstrated for these heterochromatin-associated factors. Chapter Two focuses on the unconventional functions of STAT and HP1 and discusses their roles in the promotion of longevity, and in protection from cancer and DNA damage. Chapter Three explores the biological significance of the findings presented in the first two chapters and considers how global changes in the epigenome brought about by factors such as STAT and HP1 might affect processes within the cell nucleus during development and in adult organisms. This succinct yet thorough SpringerBrief is essential for researchers studying epigenetics, and to instructors of the subject. It should also appeal to people interested in the control of gene transcription and other processes in the cell nucleus, and to those interested in development.
Notwithstanding widespread studies and even several biological journals devoted to temperature, it is difficult to perceive a field of thermobiology as such. Interest in the effects of temperature of biological systems is fragmented into specific thermal ranges and often connected with particular applications: subzero cryobiology and preservation of cells and tissues or survival of poikilotherms, para-zero cryobiology and preservation of whole organs and survival of whole animals, intermediate ranges and physiological adaption and regulation, high temperatures and use of heat for killing cancer cells, very high temperatures and limits of biological structure. Yet it has not always been so, and there are good reasons why it need not remain so. General and comparative physiologists such as W.J. Crozier, H. Precht, J. Belehradek, F. Johnson, C.L. Prosser, and others have sought throughout this century to lay foundations for unified approaches to temperature in biological systems.Recent findings also serve to suggest principles and processes that span the range of temperatures of biological interest. Microviscosity of membranes is an issue originally of interest to low temperature biologists but with relevance to limiting high temperatures; conversely for protein structure. Certain "heat shock proteins" now appear to be responses to generalized stress, including low temperature.Inevitably, the chapters of this book reflect the "zonal" character of thermobiology: two chapters (by Storey and Raymond) deal with protection against subfreezing temperatures; three (Hazel, membrane structure, Dietrich, microtubular structure, and Kruuv, cell growth) deal with the effects of and modulation to cool-to-moderate superfreezing temperatures, one (Willis) with modulation (of membrane ion transport) to moderate-to-high temperatures and two (Li, heat shock proteins and Lepock, proteins in general) with stressfully high temperatures. Explicit in each of these chapters, however, are principles and issues that transcend the parochialism of the temperature range under consideration.
For expert, confidence-building guidance on handling fluids and electrolytes, turn to the irreplaceable quick-reference guide Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy!®, 7th Edition. Written in the enjoyable Incredibly Easy!® style, it offers step-by-step direction on balancing fluids and electrolytes, understanding fluid imbalances and the disorders that cause them, treating imbalances and more. This real-world guide supports students and new nurses in class, on the unit and with NCLEX® preparation, while also serving as a solid refresher for experienced nurses.
Most clinical laboratory tests utilize interstitial and extravascular such as blood, urine, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and saliva. For example, CSF is monitored in the context of cancer for both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. And yet, our understanding of the makeup of interstitial fluids, their relationships to disease, as well as their commercial importance in therapeutics and diagnostics remains rudimentary. Although sometimes perceived as static, interstitial and extravascular fluids are surprisingly dynamic. More than half of serum albumin is in the extravascular space. These fluids move rapidly between the intravascular and extravascular spaces - one entire plasma volume is exchanged very nine hours. In the first half of the book, the authors cover fundamental concepts of interstitial fluids, including their composition and function. They then further review the mechanisms by which interstitial fluids are regulated, characterizing the importance of hyaluronan – a major constituent of interstitial spaces and an a component of synovial fluid; and, outlining the regulation of proteolysis in the interstitial space. In the second half of the book, the authors focus on the coagulation system. This system has been studied extensively in the context of vascular spaces. But many of its components exist in the interstitial spaces. Chapters are devoted to the fibrinolytic system, kallikrein, matrix metalloproteinases, coagulation factors, and protease inhibitors – all are interstitial. By covering a unique array of topics with broad application to biomedical scientists, this book expands our understanding of the importance of interstitial spaces and the fluids that move through and reside in this extravascular environment.
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