How many people could read and write in the ancient world of the Greeks and Romans? No one has previously tried to give a systematic answer to this question. Most historians who have considered the problem at all have given optimistic assessments, since they have been impressed by large bodies of ancient written material such as the graffiti at Pompeii. They have also been influenced by a tendency to idealize the Greek and Roman world and its educational system. In Ancient Literacy W. V. Harris provides the first thorough exploration of the levels, types, and functions of literacy in the classical world, from the invention of the Greek alphabet about 800 B.C. down to the fifth century A.D. Investigations of other societies show that literacy ceases to be the accomplishment of a small elite only in specific circumstances. Harris argues that the social and technological conditions of the ancient world were such as to make mass literacy unthinkable. Noting that a society on the verge of mass literacy always possesses an elaborate school system, Harris stresses the limitations of Greek and Roman schooling, pointing out the meagerness of funding for elementary education. Neither the Greeks nor the Romans came anywhere near to completing the transition to a modern kind of written culture. They relied more heavily on oral communication than has generally been imagined. Harris examines the partial transition to written culture, taking into consideration the economic sphere and everyday life, as well as law, politics, administration, and religion. He has much to say also about the circulation of literary texts throughout classical antiquity. The limited spread of literacy in the classical world had diverse effects. It gave some stimulus to critical thought and assisted the accumulation of knowledge, and the minority that did learn to read and write was to some extent able to assert itself politically. The written word was also an instrument of power, and its use was indispensable for the construction and maintenance of empires. Most intriguing is the role of writing in the new religious culture of the late Roman Empire, in which it was more and more revered but less and less practiced. Harris explores these and related themes in this highly original work of social and cultural history. Ancient Literacy is important reading for anyone interested in the classical world, the problem of literacy, or the history of the written word.
Property Treatise – Thoroughly Updated and Revised This overview of property law addresses both classic and contemporary topics covered in the first-year property course in a clear, accessible format. The book offers clear explanations of property law through textual treatment, with numerous examples, analytical discussion of key cases, and issues followed by hypotheticals. The book places emphasis on disagreements among states about the applicable rules of property law, with explanations of the conflicting issues With extraordinary clarity and insight, Joseph William Singer has written a comprehensive overview of the rules and doctrine of property law. The numerous examples and hypotheticals in Property, Sixth Editioncontribute to a rich pedagogy that illuminates both classic and contemporary topics. For the Sixth Edition, Professor Singer has been joined by Professor Nestor M. Davidson, and the authors have thoroughly updated and revised the treatise to reflect recent developments. Among the Changes New to the Sixth Edition: Recent developments in the law of public accommodations and fair housing on protections against discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, as well as updates to federal regulatory guidance on fair housing law. Important recent Supreme Court cases on regulatory takings, including Murr v. Wisconsin, on determining the relevant parcel; Knick v. Township of Scott, on the ability to file in federal court without exhausting state-court litigation; and Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, on the standard for claims of physical invasion. The challenge of “heirs property” to the loss of Black farmland and the rapid proliferation of the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act. Cases testing the limits of lease obligations and the boundaries of regulatory takings with the public-health response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Professors and students will benefit from: Clear explanations of legal doctrine based on research to make sure the rules are up-to-date Attention to both federal and state statutes that regulate property use and transfer Generous use of hypotheticals that illustrate the application of rules and doctrine Analysis of “hard cases” with short summaries of the strongest arguments on both sides of the issue Attention to differences among the states and the reasons why states adopt different rules
This edition provides an authoritative and detailed account of contract law. It is essential reading for any student of contract law, and a valuable source of reference for practitioners and academics.
Empire of the Fund is an exposé of the way we save now with proposals to fix it. The United States has embarked upon the riskiest experiment in our financial history: to see whether millions of ordinary, untrained citizens can successfully manage trillions of dollars in a system dominated by skilled and powerful financial institutions.
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