Maximum oxygen uptake during exercise is one of the best predictors of operative mortality and of prognosis in chronic cardiac or respiratory disease. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) are therefore an increasingly common component of pre-operative assessment and the management of patients with chronic cardiopulmonary problems. Part of the Oxford Respiratory Medicine Library (ORML) series, A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests, Second Edition provides readers with a practical, concise, and accessible approach to all aspects of cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET). CPET is often perceived as being incredibly complex to evaluate so this book breaks down interpretation to simple steps, allowing readers to rapidly understand the key points underpinning the application and interpretation of CPET. The text is focused and with the use of a substantial number of figures, learning points, and self-test questions helps readers to build confidence in undertaking and interpreting CPET. The second edition has been extended and extensively revised in line with the latest international guidelines and evidence, and includes 16 fully updated chapters, 4 new chapters, and a new section of worked examples has been added.
Maximum oxygen uptake during exercise is one of the best predictors of operative mortality and of prognosis in chronic cardiac or respiratory disease. Cardio-pulmonary exercise (CPEX) tests are therefore an increasingly common component of pre-operative assessment and the management of patients with chronic cardiopulmonary problems. Part of the Oxford Respiratory Medicine Library (ORML) series, this pocketbook guides clinicians through the parameters measured in CPEX testing so that they can understand the underlying physiology and are able to interpret the results. Clinical scenarios, common patterns, key points, and practical tips all make this book easy to follow, even for those readers who have little prior knowledge of the subject.
This book is a practical handbook which will tell you everything you need to know about non-invasive ventilation, whether you are using BIPAP in an acute medical setting or running a home ventilation service for patients with chronic respiratory failure.Different modes of ventilation are explained clearly and simply, with the physiological background presented in manageable chunks.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left ventricular failure, obesity, neuromuscular problems and chest wall deformities are covered in detail. There are separate chapters on weaning and setting up a home ventilation service.Throughout the book there are key points, practical tips and checklists, providing you with clear and consise information about the practicalities of NIV.With its easy-to-read style, clear guidance on learning objectives in each chapter, practical examples and case studies, this book is presented in digestible, goal-orientated sections, ideal for busy ward staff to ‘dip into’ to improve their skills and deepen their understanding.
Computers that `program themselves' has long been an aim of computer scientists. Recently genetic programming (GP) has started to show its promise by automatically evolving programs. Indeed in a small number of problems GP has evolved programs whose performance is similar to or even slightly better than that of programs written by people. The main thrust of GP has been to automatically create functions. While these can be of great use they contain no memory and relatively little work has addressed automatic creation of program code including stored data. This issue is the main focus of Genetic Programming, and Data Structures: Genetic Programming + Data Structures = Automatic Programming!. This book is motivated by the observation from software engineering that data abstraction (e.g., via abstract data types) is essential in programs created by human programmers. This book shows that abstract data types can be similarly beneficial to the automatic production of programs using GP. Genetic Programming and Data Structures: Genetic Programming + Data Structures = Automatic Programming! shows how abstract data types (stacks, queues and lists) can be evolved using genetic programming, demonstrates how GP can evolve general programs which solve the nested brackets problem, recognises a Dyck context free language, and implements a simple four function calculator. In these cases, an appropriate data structure is beneficial compared to simple indexed memory. This book also includes a survey of GP, with a critical review of experiments with evolving memory, and reports investigations of real world electrical network maintenance scheduling problems that demonstrate that Genetic Algorithms can find low cost viable solutions to such problems. Genetic Programming and Data Structures: Genetic Programming + Data Structures = Automatic Programming! should be of direct interest to computer scientists doing research on genetic programming, genetic algorithms, data structures, and artificial intelligence. In addition, this book will be of interest to practitioners working in all of these areas and to those interested in automatic programming.
This is one of the only books to provide a complete and coherent review of the theory of genetic programming (GP). In doing so, it provides a coherent consolidation of recent work on the theoretical foundations of GP. A concise introduction to GP and genetic algorithms (GA) is followed by a discussion of fitness landscapes and other theoretical approaches to natural and artificial evolution. Having surveyed early approaches to GP theory it presents new exact schema analysis, showing that it applies to GP as well as to the simpler GAs. New results on the potentially infinite number of possible programs are followed by two chapters applying these new techniques.
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