Fort Niagara is located at the northern mouth of the Niagara River about twelve miles from Niagara Falls. This scenic river and world-famous tourist area, which is now shared by the United States and Canada, was Iroquois territory in the 18th century being fought over by France and England. Fort Niagara: The British Occupation 1759–1796 dramatically portrays how the British Army took Fort Niagara from the French and Indians in 1759 and held it for thirty-seven years while Indian, French, British, and American warriors and diplomates vied for control of the Niagara River and its portage route into the Great Lake. If the men who garrisoned Fort Niagara joined up to “see the world,” they probably didn’t anticipate being stationed at this isolated frontier post. It is doubtful that few, if any, of the thousands who served at Fort Niagara recalled their time there as the best part of their military life, even as one British officer wrote home that it wasn’t as bad as he had expected. Some died at the fort, in raids out of the fort, or by accidents in the icy cold and volatile waters of the Great Lakes. Others, thinking they were on their way home for a welcomed leave, were unexpectedly rerouted to Boston in 1775 and fought in the battles of Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, and other famous battles of the Revolution. This second book about Fort Niagara by Patricia Kay Scott and William E. Utley carries on the history presented in Fort Niagara, the Key to the Indian Oceans and the French Movement to Dominate North America, published in 2019.
The Seneca war-chief Cornplanter was one of the most prominent and influential of all Native Americans during colonial times and throughout the American Revolution. The son of a Dutch trader and an Indian woman, he lived a long and intensely active life. Drama attended him everywhere. Chief Cornplanters exciting life unfolds in The Hatchet and the Plow, which follows the chief on his wilderness rivers, as a warrior for the British, as tireless diplomat, and as the devoted leader of his people. Author William W. Betts studies Cornplanter, also known as Gaiantwaka, closely, including his turbulent relationships with the leading figures of two worlds: George Washington, Henry Knox, Anthony Wayne, Timothy Pickering, Thomas Mifflin, John Graves Simcoe, David Mead, Timothy Alden, his uncle Kayahsotha, Handsome Lake, Red Jacket, Joseph Brant, Blacksnake, Little Beard, Blue Jacket, and Little Turtle. Some years after his death on his beloved Allegheny, a grateful Pennsylvania installed a marble monument at his gravesitethe first such monument ever erected to the memory of a Native American. Though it was moved up the river a short distance, it still stands today.
Fort Niagara is located twelve miles downriver from the world-renowned Niagara Falls, yet few visitors to either site know this was once Iroquois territory and claimed by France. This volume summarizes the fascinating span of North American history when New France was established during the sixteenth century in present-day Canada, explored, and expanded to the Niagara River — a strategic water and portage route connected to the Great Lakes. Chronologically the authors dramatically trace how the Iroquois gained the Niagara River, and how they kept this lucrative trade route for themselves long after the French became established fur traders in the Great Lakes. The Iroquois continued to control the Niagara River as the French built the short-lived Forts Conti (1669), Denonville (1687/1688), and finally Fort Niagara (1726-1759). Fort Niagara: The Key to the Inland Oceans and the French Movement to Dominate North America incorporates actions and political changes elsewhere that influenced the French and Iroquois at Niagara, especially during the French and Indian War, which ended the French Occupation of Fort Niagara and set the stage for the Iroquois to lose their long-held Niagara River territory.
This fourth and final volume of Chemical Sensitivity introduces and explains diagnostic and treatment practices that have been successfully used with thousands of chemically sensitive patients. Applications of various treatment methods are discussed, including: Heat depuration Injection therapy Nutrition replacement Endocrine treatment Tolerance moderators Behavior therapy Surgery Volume 4: Tools for Diagnosis and Methods of Treatment also offers insight into the nature of long-term results of appropriate diagnosis and treatment of chemical sensitivity. Features of the volumes comprising Chemical Sensitivity: Presents results from studies of more than 20,000 Environmental Health Center (EHC) patients under controlled conditions Incorporates the results from study and treatment of an estimated 100,000 patients from other environmentally oriented physicians and scientists around the world Describes techniques for removal of toxins from the body Identifies the effects of environmental pollutants on known mechanisms of immune and nonimmune detoxification systems Emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between endocrine, immunological, and neurological systems and their nutrient fuels
My Fighting Congregation is the World War 2 combat diary of U.S. Army Chaplain William Taggart. His book details his work with servicemen aboard US ships in the Pacific, and the work he performed alongside Allied troops fighting on Java and stationed in Australia. My Fighting Congregation is both an important historical document and an inspirational story of the valuable services performed by the US Army�s Chaplain Service during World War II.
William Hogeland's Autumn of the Black Snake presents forgotten story of how the U.S. Army was created to fight a crucial Indian war. When the Revolutionary War ended in 1783, the newly independent United States savored its victory and hoped for a great future. And yet the republic soon found itself losing an escalating military conflict on its borderlands. In 1791, years of skirmishes, raids, and quagmire climaxed in the grisly defeat of American militiamen by a brilliantly organized confederation of Shawnee, Miami, and Delaware Indians. With nearly one thousand U.S. casualties, this was the worst defeat the nation would ever suffer at native hands. Americans were shocked, perhaps none more so than their commander in chief, George Washington, who saw in the debacle an urgent lesson: the United States needed an army. Autumn of the Black Snake tells the overlooked story of how Washington achieved his aim. In evocative and absorbing prose, William Hogeland conjures up the woodland battles and the hardball politics that formed the Legion of the United States, our first true standing army. His memorable portraits of leaders on both sides—from the daring war chiefs Blue Jacket and Little Turtle to the doomed commander Richard Butler and a steely, even ruthless Washington—drive a tale of horrific violence, brilliant strategizing, stupendous blunders, and valorous deeds. This sweeping account, at once exciting and dark, builds to a crescendo as Washington and Alexander Hamilton, at enormous risk, outmaneuver Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other skeptics of standing armies—and Washington appoints the seemingly disreputable Anthony Wayne, known as Mad Anthony, to lead the legion. Wayne marches into the forests of the Old Northwest, where the very Indians he is charged with defeating will bestow on him, with grudging admiration, a new name: the Black Snake. Autumn of the Black Snake is a dramatic work of military and political history, told in a colorful, sometimes startling blow-by-blow narrative. It is also an original interpretation of how greed, honor, political beliefs, and vivid personalities converged on the killing fields of the Ohio valley, where the United States Army would win its first victory, and in so doing destroy the coalition of Indians who came closer than any, before or since, to halting the nation’s westward expansion.
The Europeans who first explored and settled North America were endlessly intrigued by the indigenous people they found there; even before the newly arrived colonials began to record the landscape, they drew and painted Indians. This study focuses on that practice, offering a new visual perspective on westward expansion, mainly through a survey of the major Indian images painted by Euro-American artists before and after the American Revolution. William H. Truettner finds that these images were never simply the historical record they were purported to be; instead they were conceived--either directly or indirectly--to accompany attempts to expand white hegemony across North America, first by the British, then by the Americans. Truettner's incisive, accessible readings of paintings by artists such as Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Bird King, and George Catlin relate these images to social and political events of the time, and tell us much about how North American tribes would fare as they fought to survive during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Based on the celebrated five-volume set published in 2005, this updated one-volume edition offers readers a concise yet complete understanding of the interplay between the major religions and human rights. In a world where religious beliefs have become inseparable from the events of the day, ranging from the ongoing strife in the Middle East to cases of sexual abuse by clergy and controversy over circumcision laws in Europe, this is an invaluable work. It offers readers a comprehensive examination of the way the world's five major faiths—Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism—view and have viewed human rights from ancient times to the present. An overview of each tradition is provided, followed by chapters that show how human rights have been shaped and understood in the tradition from the earliest textual evidence to the contemporary era. Considering the differences among religious traditions globally, the book shows how each faith advanced the cause of human rights in unique ways. Contributors track the development of ideas, opinions, and issues, documenting both the advancement and violation of human rights in the name of religion. Demonstrating that human rights discourse cannot be divorced from religious history and experience, the book covers such issues as the right to life, the rights of women, punishment for crimes, war and peace, slavery, and violence.
Warrior in Two Camps is the biography of Ely S. Parker, the first native American to serve as commissioner of Indian Affairs. The name Ely Samuel Parker is seldom found among famous Indian chiefs. Indeed, the name seems somehow out of place in the company of men called Black Hawk or Crazy Horse or Geronimo. But the prosaic name is part of the story of an American Indian who chose to live his life in the white man’s world. It is a story in which a frock coat replaces the traditional deerskin, and a surveyor’s level and a soldier’s orderly book take the place of the wampum belt and the war club.
This carefully researched and provocative treatment of the two most influential persons in world history sets aside the cultural prejudices that often hamper open, honest comparison of Muhammad and Jesus. Phipps begins with a thorough biographical investigation of the early lives of the Meccan and the Nazarene and a thoughtful assessment of their later contributions as statesman and reformer. He then debunks many of the invidious myths about Jesus and Muhammad during the course of a careful exploration of the ways in which they interpreted Hebrew Scriptures, their prescriptions for moral conduct, and their attitudes toward rewards and punishment on earth and in the afterlife.
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