William J. Clancey's Books

Conceptual Coordination

How the Mind Orders Experience in Time

By: William J. Clancey

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Conceptual Coordination

How the Mind Orders Experience in Time

By: William J. Clancey

This book bridges the gap between models of human behavior that are based on cognitive task analysis and those based on neural networks. The author argues that these approaches are incomplete and not properly related to each other. His synthesis reconciles the very different conceptualizations of human memory assumed by these two approaches by assuming that 'what the brain remembers' is not a collection of symbols or neurons or even networks of either of these, but rather how to coordinate behavior in time, relating different modalities of conception and movement. A second premise is that behavior sequences are categorized, with perceptual categorizations (sounds, images) comprising the first order of categorization and conceptual categorizations of perceptions and actions in time comprising the second order. The conceptual categorizations are themselves sequenced and categorized, corresponding to the familiar classification hierarchies in cognitive models. Inspired by Bartlett's work, the author seeks to develop a theory of "process memory"--memory for experience in time. Following the methodology of situated cognition, he finds clues in the particulars of human activity, such as typing errors, how a computer interface is used, how a child learns to play in a swimming pool, odd limitations in language comprehension, and so on. Throughout, he examines existing (and often famous) cognitive and neural models with respect to these phenomena. In each case, he attempts to show that the experienced behavior can be understood as sequences of categories being reactivated, substituted, and composed. Ultimately, this analysis is shown to be the link that may lead to improvement of both symbolic and neurally based models of memory and behavior, with concomitant implications for cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science as a whole.

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Page Count

460

Publisher

Psychology Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1135672571

ISBN 13

9781135672577

Situated Cognition

On Human Knowledge and Computer Representations

By: William J. Clancey

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Situated Cognition

On Human Knowledge and Computer Representations

By: William J. Clancey

This 1997 book examines recent changes in the design of intelligent machines which afford heightened interactivity with the environment.

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Page Count

432

Publisher

Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0521448719

ISBN 13

9780521448710

Working on Mars

Voyages of Scientific Discovery with the Mars Exploration Rovers

By: William J. Clancey

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Working on Mars

Voyages of Scientific Discovery with the Mars Exploration Rovers

By: William J. Clancey

What it's like to explore Mars from Earth: How the Mars rovers provide scientists with a virtual experience of being on Mars. Geologists in the field climb hills and hang onto craggy outcrops; they put their fingers in sand and scratch, smell, and even taste rocks. Beginning in 2004, however, a team of geologists and other planetary scientists did field science in a dark room in Pasadena, exploring Mars from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) by means of the remotely operated Mars Exploration Rovers (MER). Clustered around monitors, living on Mars time, painstakingly plotting each movement of the rovers and their tools, sensors, and cameras, these scientists reported that they felt as if they were on Mars themselves, doing field science. The MER created a virtual experience of being on Mars. In this book, William Clancey examines how the MER has changed the nature of planetary field science. Drawing on his extensive observations of scientists in the field and at the JPL, Clancey investigates how the design of the rover mission enables field science on Mars, explaining how the scientists and rover engineers manipulate the vehicle and why the programmable tools and analytic instruments work so well for them. He shows how the scientists felt not as if they were issuing commands to a machine but rather as if they were working on the red planet, riding together in the rover on a voyage of discovery. Learn more about the book here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZQSWSZnTYs&feature=youtube_gdata

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Page Count

345

Publisher

MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262304783

ISBN 13

9780262304788

FutureWork

Putting Knowledge to Work in the Knowledge Economy

By: Charles D. Winslow,William L. Bramer

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FutureWork

Putting Knowledge to Work in the Knowledge Economy

By: Charles D. Winslow,William L. Bramer

A company's success ultimately depends on each worker's completion of an infinite series of little now's. To achieve peak efficiency in a climate of now, organizations must use all possible resources to support each individual's performance of various tasks. Integrated Performance Support (IPS), a new concept developed by Andersen Consulting, helps employees perform to their optimum capability. This book shows how IPS builds specific information and tools directly into business processes and systems, enabling workers to independently solve problems on the job.

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Page Count

416

Publisher

Simon & Schuster

Published Date

ISBN 10

0029354153

ISBN 13

9780029354155

Knowledge-based Tutoring

The GUIDON Program

By: William J. Clancey

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Knowledge-based Tutoring

The GUIDON Program

By: William J. Clancey

Knowledge-Based Tutoringdescribes the advantages and difficulties of adapting an expert system for use in teaching and problem solving. In this case the well-known rule-based expert system, MYCIN, which has been widely used in medical artificial intelligence to do infectious disease diagnosis and therapy selection, is used as a base for the instructional program GUIDON. MYCIN's rules are interpreted by GUIDON in order to evaluate a student's problem solving and provide assistance as the student gathers information about a patient and makes a diagnosis. The book describes what GUIDON does, how it is constructed, and the benefits and limitations of its design. This is the first attempt to adapt a rule base for tutoring and opens the door to what will most likely be a dramatic growth in interest in the use of expert systems for teaching. Clancey points out that it is easy to build an expert system that "works," but difficult to build one that makes knowledge explicit so that it can be taught. His dramatic demonstration of the separation of tutoring from subject matter knowledge will be of particular interest to researchers who are developing traditional computer-aided instruction programs. Clancey's program will also prove useful to cognitive science researchers in psychology and education who are interested in learning about AI techniques for explanation and student modeling, and to the many people who are currently developing computer-aided instruction programs. The book contains enough technical details for the work to be replicated, but has been generalized so the methods and lessons can be applied to other knowledge representations. William J. Clancey is a Senior Research Associate, at the Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Knowledge-Based Tutoringis included in The MIT Press Series in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Patrick Henry Winston and Michael Brady.

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Page Count

377

Publisher

MIT Press (MA)

Published Date

ISBN 10

026203123X

ISBN 13

9780262031233

Book's by William J. Clancey

Conceptual Coordination

Conceptual Coordination

Situated Cognition

Situated Cognition

Working on Mars

Working on Mars

FutureWork

FutureWork

Knowledge-based Tutoring

Knowledge-based Tutoring

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