Ozone, an important trace component, is critical to life on Earth and to atmospheric chemistry. The presence of ozone profoundly impacts the physical structure of the atmosphere and meteorology. Ozone is also an important photolytic source for HO radicals, the driving force for most of the chemistry that occurs in the lower atmosphere, is essential to shielding biota, and is the only molecule in the atmosphere that provides protection from UV radiation in the 250-300 nm region. However, recent concerns regarding environmental issues have inspired a need for a greater understanding of ozone, and the effects that it has on the Earth's atmosphere. The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone provides an overview of the chemical processes associated with the formation and loss of ozone in the atmosphere, meeting the need for a greater body of knowledge regarding atmospheric chemistry. Renowned atmospheric researcher Jack Calvert and his coauthors discuss the various chemical and physical properties of the earth's atmosphere, the ways in which ozone is formed and destroyed, and the mechanisms of various ozone chemical reactions in the different spheres of the atmosphere. The volume is rich with valuable knowledge and useful descriptions, and will appeal to environmental scientists and engineers alike. A thorough analysis of the processes related to tropospheric ozone, The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone is an essential resource for those hoping to combat the continuing and future environmental problems, particularly issues that require a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry.
The purpose of this monograph, which is aimed at the graduate level and beyond, is to obtain a deeper understanding of Quillen's model categories. A model category is a category together with three distinguished classes of maps, called weak equivalences, cofibrations, and fibrations. Model categories have become a standard tool in algebraic topology and homological algebra and, increasingly, in other fields where homotopy theoretic ideas are becoming important, such as algebraic $K$-theory and algebraic geometry. The authors' approach is to define the notion of a homotopical category, which is more general than that of a model category, and to consider model categories as special cases of this. A homotopical category is a category with only a single distinguished class of maps, called weak equivalences, subject to an appropriate axiom. This enables one to define ``homotopical'' versions of such basic categorical notions as initial and terminal objects, colimit and limit functors, cocompleteness and completeness, adjunctions, Kan extensions, and universal properties. There are two essentially self-contained parts, and part II logically precedes part I. Part II defines and develops the notion of a homotopical category and can be considered as the beginnings of a kind of ``relative'' category theory. The results of part II are used in part I to obtain a deeper understanding of model categories. The authors show in particular that model categories are homotopically cocomplete and complete in a sense stronger than just the requirement of the existence of small homotopy colimit and limit functors. A reader of part II is assumed to have only some familiarity with the above-mentioned categorical notions. Those who read part I, and especially its introductory chapter, should also know something about model categories.
Get the Complete Answers to Your Appropriations Law Questions Scrutiny of the use of federal funds—and the people handling those funds—has never been greater. Yet federal personnel often don't know all the rules. What might seem like a logical, efficient action could very well be illegal. Now, there is an easy-to-use, straightforward guide to help everyone involved with appropriated funds. The Appropriations Law Answer Book: A Q&A Guide to Fiscal Law is the “go-to” resource for answers to fiscal law questions that arise in the federal workplace. This book condenses the content of the 2,000+ page Government Accountability Office's Principles of Federal Appropriations Law (the “Redbook”), providing a pertinent and usable resource for everyone who has responsibility for federal funds. Arranged in question-and-answer format, this concise book covers the questions that most often surface in agencies. Subject area groupings make finding the right answer quick and clear. Coverage includes critical information on: • How to prevent violations of the Antideficiency Act • Obligation of appropriations • Intragovernmental transactions, grants and agreements • Nonappropriated fund instruments Even personnel with the purest of intentions can run afoul of the many laws, rules, regulations, and decisions that govern the proper use of government funds. Don't be one of them. Get the resource you can trust: The Appropriations Law Answer Book. Plus! The book also includes a handy glossary. Contents Overview of Appropriations Law • Purpose • Time • Amount (The Antideficiency Act) • Obligation of Appropriations • Intragovernmental Transactions • Continuing Resolutions • Accountability and Liability of Individuals • Grants and Agreements • Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentalities • Can Your Agency Use Appropriated Funds for Meals and Light Refreshments? • Glossary About the Author William G. Arnold, CDFM-A, author of The Antideficiency Act Answer Book, Performance Budgeting—What Works, What Doesn't, and The Prompt Payment Act Answer Book, worked with the Department of Defense for 34 years, over 25 of which he spent in financial management. He has held positions as budget officer, director of resource management, director of disbursing, and entitlements director with the Air Force and the Defense Finance and Accounting Service.
This unique book presents a profound mathematical analysis of general optimization problems for elliptic systems, which are then applied to a great number of optimization problems in mechanics and technology. Accessible and self-contained, it is suitable as a textbook for graduate courses on optimization of elliptic systems.
This classic monograph by a Nobel Prize–winning chemist covers his area of expertise, the general structural principles and reactions of boron hydrides and related compounds. Topics include three-center bonds and their applications, molecular orbitals, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. More than 120 diagrams and figures. 1963 edition.
A vertitable feast of concise, useful, reliable, and up-to-dateinformation (all prepared by top scholars in the field), Nienhauser's now two-volumetitle stands alone as THE standard reference work for the study of traditionalChinese literature. Nothing like it has ever been published." --Choice The second volume to The Indiana Companion to TraditionalChinese Literature is both a supplement and an update to the original volume. VolumeII includes over 60 new entries on famous writers, works, and genres of traditionalChinese literature, followed by an extensive bibliographic update (1985-1997) ofeditions, translations, and studies (primarily in English, Chinese, Japanese, French, and German) for the 500+ entries of Volume I.
From the end of World War II down to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the primary objective of U.S. foreign policy has been to prevent the expansion of communism. Indeed, that objective was directly embodied in the so-called strategy of containment, a global approach to the pursuit of U.S. national security interests that was first adumbrated by George F. Kennan in 1947 and later became the guiding force in U.S. foreign policy. At first, the concept of containment was applied primarily to Europe. It was there that the threat to U.S. interests from international communism directed from Moscow was first perceived, in the form of Soviet efforts to dominate the nations of Eastern Europe and extend Soviet influence into the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Other areas of the world—Asia, Africa, and Latin America—were considered to be less threatened by forces hostile to the free world or more peripheral to U.S. foreign policy concerns. At least that was the view initially proclaimed by George Kennan himself, who identified five areas in the world as vital to the United States: North America, Great Britain, Central Europe, the USSR, and Japan. Only the latter was located in Asia. By the end of the decade, however, the focus of U.S. containment strategy was extended to include East and Southeast Asia, primarily because of the increasing likelihood of a communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, which, in the minds of some U.S. policymakers, would be tantamount to giving the Soviet Union a dominant position on the Asian mainland. Added to the growing threat in China was the increasingly unstable situation in Southeast Asia, where the long arc of colonies that had been established by the imperialist powers during the last half of the nineteenth century was gradually but inexorably being replaced by independent states. The emergence of such colonial territories into independence was generally viewed as a welcome prospect by foreign policy observers in Washington, but when combined with the impending victory of communist forces in China it raised the unsettling possibility that the entire region might be brought within the reach of the Kremlin.
This will help us customize your experience to showcase the most relevant content to your age group
Please select from below
Login
Not registered?
Sign up
Already registered?
Success – Your message will goes here
We'd love to hear from you!
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.