Being a teenager with a chronic illness can be challenging. The symptoms of an illness, particularly pain and fatigue, can interfere with just being a normal teen. The Children's Health and Illness Recovery Program, or CHIRP, was developed to teach teens and their family strategies to help them live as normal and quality a life as possible, while coping with the effects of their chronic illness. The skills acquired in the CHIRP intervention are life skills almost every teen can use, and these skills can be especially valuable for those working to overcome the negative effects of chronic illness. The CHIRP Teen and Family Workbook provides "evidence-based" activities shown to improve coping skills, stress management, communication skills, and functioning in teens with chronic medical conditions. In addition, family-based activities included in CHIRP assist teens and parents in developing more effective ways to communicate about their illness and increase teen confidence and independence in both managing their illness and their lifestyle. These skills are important building blocks to help teens move towards recovery, improvement in functioning and quality of life as they approach young adulthood. The skills acquired in the program also serve as a guide and motivation for continuing the gains teens and their families make in CHIRP"--
Primary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial neurodevelopmental disorder involving the frontostriatal pathways and probably connections with the cerebellum and parietal lobe. ADHD is a polygenetic disorder involving predominantly catecholaminergic receptors and transporters. Though more common in school age children, ADHD may persist into adolescence and adulthood. Comorbidity with other disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and learning disability is common. Secondary problems with attention are associated with neurological disorders that involve damage to the frontal lobes, drugs and toxins, and some genetic syndromes. Questionnaires are helpful in the diagnosis and follow-up of ADHD, and neuropsychological assessment can be useful for assessing cognitive function. Behavioral therapies are usually combined with medication for treatment of ADHD. Problems with attention are more responsive to treatment with stimulants, but nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine, and possibly other drugs, are also effective and may be particularly useful in children and adolescents with comorbidity. The response to pharmacotherapy is better in patients with primary ADHD compared to those with secondary problems with attention.
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