Snakebites are well-known medical emergencies in many parts of the world especially in rural areas. Agricultural workers and children are most affected. The incidence of snakebite mortality is particularly high in South-East Asia. Rational use of snake anti-venom can substantially reduce mortality and morbidity due to snake bites. These guidelines are a revised and updated version of those published in 2011. The geographical coverage extends from India in the west to DPR Korea and Indonesia in the east Nepal and Bhutan in the north and to Sri Lanka and Indonesia in the south and south-east. Snakes inhabiting the Indonesian islands east of Wallace?s line (West Papua and Maluku Islands) are part of the Australasian elapid fauna differing from those west of this line. This publication aims to pass on a digest of available knowledge about all clinical aspects of snake-bite to medically trained personnel including medical doctors nurses dispensers and community health workers. They aim to provide suffcient practical information to allow medically trained personnel to assess and treat patients with snake-bites at different levels of the health service.
The World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations advises the Director-General of WHO in the area of medicines quality assurance. It provides independent expert recommendations and guidance to ensure that medicines meet standards of quality, safety and efficacy in all WHO Member States. Its advice is developed through a broad consensus-building process and covers all areas of quality assurance of medicines, from their development to their distribution to patients. In the area of quality control, the Expert Committee reviewed new and revised specifications and general texts for inclusion in The International Pharmacopoeia, and received the annual report of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), the custodian centre for International Chemical Reference Substances (ICRS). The Committee adopted a number of monographs, general texts and ICRS. It noted the report on Phase 6 of the External Quality Assurance Assessment Scheme (EQAAS) and on new approaches to ensure sustainability of this scheme through user fees. The Committee further acknowledged the progress of good pharmacopoeial practices (GPhP), and adopted the document on GPhP which was prepared by the consecutive international meetings of world pharmacopoeias. In the various quality assurance-related areas the Expert Committee was presented with a number of new and revised guidelines related to good manufacturing practices (GMP), distribution and trade of pharmaceuticals and regulatory practice. It adopted 10 guidelines as listed below as well as 22 new specifications and general texts for inclusion in The International Pharmacopoeia. The Committee took note of ongoing work to promote collaboration and information exchange through the good regulatory practice project and welcomed the development of a comprehensive set of guidelines for all national regulatory authorities through this project.
In view of heavy burden of malaria and prevalence of drug resistant falciparum malaria in the South-East Asia Region these two parallel guidelines one for small hospitals and another one for large hospitals were developed for use by medical personnel who treat severe malaria patients referred from lower-level health facilities. These guidelines were developed by the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia and the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Malaria Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Thailand. They are based on a review of current evidence existing WHO guidelines and experience in the management of malaria in the Region.
In view of heavy burden of malaria and prevalence of drug resistant falciparum malaria in the South-East Asia Region these two parallel guidelines one for small hospitals and another one for large hospitals were developed for use by medical personnel who treat severe malaria patients referred from lower-level health facilities. These guidelines were developed by the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia and the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Malaria Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Thailand. They are based on a review of current evidence existing WHO guidelines and experience in the management of malaria in the Region.
Life expectancy is increasing in many parts of the world and more are also being enabled to live with disabling conditions that once might have been fatal. People who are chronically ill, have serious disabilities, have HIV/AIDS, are mentally ill, or victims of accidents and disasters, or elderly - many will need continuing care and support and these numbers will grow. How best to meet these needs is getting more attention. Such care is not to just look after the sick but to enable those with long term illnesses or disabilities to live their lives as fully as possible. Institutionalization is often not the best way of care and the home where the patient lives with family members and friends nearby is often more appropriate. This report examines the options, highlighting the clear benefits of home-based care whilst being aware of the needs of the carers in the home. The report stresses it is time for health systems to take responsibility for providing caregivers in families and communities with the support they both need, and to bring greater benefit to the patient.
This report presents the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee commissioned to coordinate activities leading to the adoption of international recommendations to assure the quality safety and efficacy of vaccines blood products and other biological medicines and the establishment of international biological reference standards for these products and related diagnostic devices. The report of particular relevance to manufacturers and national regulatory authorities starts with a discussion of general issues brought to the Committee's attention. The second part of the report contains written specifications that establish international regulatory expectations for the following products; DNA vaccines pertussis (whole cell) vaccine plasma (human) for fractionation rabies vaccine and rotavirus vaccine. The report also provides a risk assessment and defines conditions for the safe production of pandemic strain influenza vaccines. The third part of the report provides information on the status and development of international reference materials for various antibodies antigens blood products and related substances and in vitro diagnostic devices.
WHO's concern is that, despite national and global efforts to control malaria, the disease burden remains high, especially in tropical Africa. The situation is further compounded in emergency situations. It is therefore necessary to review the current vector control strategies and their effectiveness in various operational and eco-epidemiological settings and to identify the challenges for implementation in different health systems. These would serve as a basis for the development of a strategic framework for strengthening malaria vector control implementation. The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Initiative was launched by the WHO Director-General in 1998 as a Cabinet Project to coordinate global actions against malaria. The RBM goal is to reduce the global malaria burden by half by 2010 as compared to 2000"--Publisher's statement
This report sets out the recommendations of an international group of experts relating to developments in the quality assurance of medicines and specifications for drug substances and dosage forms. It contains guidelines of direct relevance to the UN Prequalification Programme for Priority Essential Medicines and for quality control laboratories, including procedures governing the assessment of pharmaceutical products for procurement by UN agencies and for assessing the acceptability of quality control laboratories. It also includes discussion regarding several monographs for inclusion in the International Pharmacopoeia, relating to antiretrovirals, including fixed-dose combinations, TB medicines and antimalarial and paediatric medicines.
This report was prepared for the Asia-Pacific Regional Forum on Health and Environment held on 6?8 October 2016 in Manila Philippines. The report presents the state of the environment and health in the 14 countries of the Regional Forum based on country profiles and United Nations and World Health Organization statistics. This updated version incorporates inputs from Member States at the Regional Forum. The report provides a snapshot of progress among these countries on relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 2 (End hunger achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture); SDG 3 (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages); SDG 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all); SDG 7 (Ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable and modern energy for all); SDG 11 (Make cities and human settlements inclusive safe resilient and sustainable); and SDG 13 (Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts).
There is serious concern about the impact of the changing climate. The WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific has taken the initiative in addressing health issues related to climate change but further action is needed to support efforts to confront climate change in Member States and in various sectors. Health must be mainstreamed into efforts to address climate change and action must be coordinated and integrated across national boundaries and in all sectors. This report synthesizes information and approaches on climate change and health pertinent to Member States in the Western Pacific Region. It also examines efforts and initiatives by various experts and stakeholders with an in-depth look at experiences in seven Member States that reflect the diversity of the Region. Finally it offers recommendations for policy-makers.
This report presents the conclusions of a WHO Expert Committee commissioned to make recommendations on specifications for pesticides used in public health. The aim is to promote the manufacture and use of high quality products that are both acceptable in terms of public health and effective against susceptible vectors of disease. The text includes an outline of the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) and an overview of recent trends in the various WHO regions.
Early diagnosis and prompt, effective treatment is the basis for the management of malaria and key to reducing malaria mortality and morbidity. An acceptable microscopy service is one that is cost-effective, provides results that are consistently accurate and timely enough to have a direct impact on treatment. This requires a comprehensive and active quality assurance (QA) program. This manual outlines a hierarchical structure based on retraining, validation and the development of competency standards designed to ensure the quality of diagnosis necessary for a successful malaria program, while remaining within the financial and personnel resources likely to be available. The mode of implementation of the QA system outlined in this manual will vary according to the organization of the national laboratory services dealing with malaria, which may fall under the national malaria control program, or under a separate laboratory structure working closely with the malaria program.
Improvements in health cannot be achieved in isolation as they require an integrated, multisectorial development approach. The WHO's Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean has introduced the following community-based initiatives: basic development needs approach; healthy villages programme; healthy cities programme; women in health and development. These community-based initiatives have provided a stimulus for health and human development. This training manual provides material to help develop trainers; update the knowledge of field managers; and reinforce leadership and management skills.
Target 5A of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was to reduce maternal deaths by 75% between 1990 and 2015. The Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group comprising the World Health Organization (WHO) the United Nations Children?s Fund (UNICEF) the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division assessed the 95 countries with an MMR higher than 100 in 1990. The report notes Cambodia the Lao People?s Democratic Republic and Mongolia have achieved this target in the Western Pacific Region. However maternal mortality remains higher than the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target in five countries in the Region. WHO has developed evidence-based maternal health recommendations for reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. This review compares national guidelines and protocols implementation and health system standards to WHO recommendations for eight countries that account for 96% of maternal deaths in the Western Pacific Region.
Based on a review of available literature, this monograph explores the links between poverty and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) with particular reference to the Western Pacific Region. The project was specifically designed to stimulate discussion on the relationship between poverty and NCDs, to contribute to the reduction of the impact of NCDs in developing countries, and to foster an understanding of how to improve health outcomes for the poor or socially marginalized groups with NCDs.
The Western Pacific Regional Food Safety Strategy 2011-2015 has contributed to good progress in food safety across the Western Pacific Region. However more than 125 million people fall ill and more than 50 000 die annually from unsafe food in the Region. Food safety is a highly complex health issue involving multiple domestic and international stakeholders. Over recent years new developments including the introduction of new technologies increasing internationalization of the food chain and demographic changes have affected food safety in the Region. The changing context of food safety affects food safety risk management as well as trust in the safety of the food supply. Food safety trust is a multifaceted issue and an outcome of effective food safety systems. At the same time it serves as an enabler for strengthening food safety systems to manage food safety risks and respond to food safety incidents and emergencies. The Regional Framework for Action on Food Safety in the Western Pacific builds on the achievement and lessons learnt from the 2011-2015 Strategy. It acknowledges the changing context of food safety and revisits the approach for strengthening national food safety systems. This includes a stronger focus on building trust and confidence in food safety systems and implementing strategic actions that create leadership partnerships competency and resources that are the necessary enablers for advancing food safety systems. The Framework provides guidance on strategic action and a stepwise approach to strengthen food safety systems to better manage food safety risks and respond to food safety incidents and emergencies. It is intended to guide national food safety authorities in implementation of strategic action to strengthen national food safety systems as well as to obtain and advocate for high-level political support to enhance food safety. It is also intended to facilitate regional cooperation among food safety authorities.
Data collected (and organized by world region, gender and age groups) on the incidence and prevalence, severity and course of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, major limb trauma and spinal disorders, and their economic impact.
Environmental determinants of health are responsible for more than a quarter of the burden of disease in the Western Pacific Region. Communicable and noncommunicable disease disability and death result from a lack of safe water and sanitation indoor and outdoor air pollution hazardous chemicals occupational hazards and climate-related disasters. The Western Pacific Regional Framework for Action on Health and Environment on a Changing Planet intends to relaunch the World Health Organization (WHO) s Health and the Environment programme and fulfil its mandate in the area of environmental health. It proposes to leverage the health sector focus on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) process providing guidance for prioritizing the work of WHO in support of Member States improving health outcomes through action on environmental determinants. It articulates entry points for health and environment priority actions in WHO country cooperation strategies the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other mechanisms for international collaboration and notably with the United Nations Environment Programme and ministries of environment. The framework also sets a course for the health sector to advocate adaptive measures policies and action to protect health and well-being as a co-benefit of interventions in energy agriculture transport housing and other spheres.
Overweight and obesity have become urgent global health issues in recent decades. Globally the number of overweight children under the age of 5 years has increased from 32 million in 2000 to 41 million in 2014 corresponding to an increase in prevalence from 5.0% to 6.1%. It is estimated that at the current pace by 2020 some 9% of all children under 5 years will be overweight. Furthermore an increase in adult obesity prevalence has been observed in all countries and globally the prevalence of obesity among adults has doubled from 1980 to 2014 from 5% to 11% for men and from 8% to 15% for women. Overweight and obesity were estimated to account for 3.4 million deaths annually and 93.6 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 1 in 2010. The burden of overweight and obesity is inequitably distributed and affects some population groups and geographical areas more than others based on their social characteristics which are also inequitably distributed. Vulnerability to overweight and obesity might depend on for instance urban or rural residence socioeconomic status ethnicity or the geographical area where people live and their nutritional status in the first 1000 days of life. This report intends to assist policy-makers in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region by contributing to a better understanding of the unequal distribution of overweight and obesity in the Region and by providing policy options to address the social determinants of overweight and obesity. Identifying vulnerable population groups or areas can help policymakers programme managers and other actors to improve programme targeting and increase the effectiveness and improve the health and well-being of the most vulnerable.
This is the third report of the WHO/IUATLD project which gives comparable worldwide information on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, with data from surveys conducted in 77 different countries or geographical settings during the years 1999 to 2002. Global surveillance identifies areas of high resistance and draws the attention of national authorities to address the problems involved. The report also highlights the importance of conducting surveillance on re-treatment cases, and the role of the laboratory in TB control.
The Regional Strategy and Plan of Action for Measles and Rubella Elimination in the Western Pacific was endorsed by the 68th session of the WHO Regional Committee in 2017. This document was developed in consultation with Member States and technical partners through carefully analysing the unsolved issues and emerging challenges that led to the regional resurgence of measles and outbreaks of rubella during 2013-2016. The document will guide development of national plans of action for achieving and sustaining measles and rubella elimination with country-specific strategies and activities that are tailored for addressing issues and challenges faced by each country and area of the region.
More than 99% of all human rabies deaths occur in the developing world and although effective and economical control measures are available the disease has not been brought under control throughout most of the affected countries. Given that a major factor in the low level of commitment to rabies control is a lack of accurate data on the true public health impact of the disease this report of a WHO Expert Consultation begins by providing new data on the estimated burden of the disease and its distribution in the world. It also reviews recent progress in the classification of rabies viruses rabies pathogenesis and diagnosis rabies pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis the management of rabies patients and canine as well as wildlife rabies prevention and control.
Fourth Global Report : the World Health Organization/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (WHO/UNION) Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, 2002-2007
Fourth Global Report : the World Health Organization/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (WHO/UNION) Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, 2002-2007
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been recorded at the highest rates ever, according to this new report that presents findings from the largest survey to date on the scale of drug resistance in tuberculosis. This fourth global report is based on information collected between 2002 and 2006 on 90,000 TB patients in 81 countries. It also found that extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), a virtually untreatable form of the respiratory disease, has been recorded in 45 countries. The primary aim of this report is to share survey and surveillance data on drug resistance in TB. The data presented here are supplied largely by the program managers who have led the work on surveys, but also heads of reference laboratories as well as principle investigators that may have been hired to assist the national Tuberculosis Program with the study.
This will help us customize your experience to showcase the most relevant content to your age group
Please select from below
Login
Not registered?
Sign up
Already registered?
Success – Your message will goes here
We'd love to hear from you!
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.