Since the advent of the laser, coherent optics has developed at an ever increasing pace. There is no doubt about the reason. Coherent light, with its properties so different from the light we are surrounded by, lends itself to numerous applications in science, technology, and life. The bandwidth of coherent optics reaches from holography and interferometry, with its gravitational wave detectors, to the CD player for music, movies, and computers; from the laser scalpel, which allows surgical cutting in the interior of the eye without destruction of the layers penetrated in front of it, to optical information and data processing with its great impact on society. According to its importance, the foundations of coherent optics should be conveyed to students of natural sciences as early as possible to better prepare them for their future careers as physicists or engineers. The present book tries to serve this need: to promote the foundations of coherent optics. Special attention is paid to a thorough presentation of the fundamentals. This should enable the reader to follow the contemporary literature from a firm basis. The wealth of material, of course, makes necessary a restriction of the topics included. Therefore, from the main areas of optics, wave optics and the classical description oflight is given most ofthe space available. The book starts with a quick trip through the history of physics from the viewpoint of optics.
Coherent Optics presents, in a concise and lively overview, easy access to the fundamentals and modern aspects of this field. From text based on coherence and its measurement the reader gains access to the fields of interferometry, holography and Fourier optics while becoming acquainted with methods of coherent optical techniques of measurement. From the multitude of nonlinear optical phenomena the following topics are particularly discussed: the laser with its nonlinear dynamics, tree-wave interference, the optical parametric amplifier, and nonlinear fibre optics including solitons for signal transmission. Many examples and exercises with complete solutions make this book a valuable study text.
Since the advent of the laser, coherent optics has developed at an ever increasing pace. There is no doubt about the reason. Coherent light, with its properties so different from the light we are surrounded by, lends itself to numerous applications in science, technology, and life. The bandwidth of coherent optics reaches from holography and interferometry, with its gravitational wave detectors, to the CD player for music, movies, and computers; from the laser scalpel, which allows surgical cutting in the interior of the eye without destruction of the layers penetrated in front of it, to optical information and data processing with its great impact on society. According to its importance, the foundations of coherent optics should be conveyed to students of natural sciences as early as possible to better prepare them for their future careers as physicists or engineers. The present book tries to serve this need: to promote the foundations of coherent optics. Special attention is paid to a thorough presentation of the fundamentals. This should enable the reader to follow the contemporary literature from a firm basis. The wealth of material, of course, makes necessary a restriction of the topics included. Therefore, from the main areas of optics, wave optics and the classical description oflight is given most ofthe space available. The book starts with a quick trip through the history of physics from the viewpoint of optics.
The quantum interference of de Broglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wideassembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry withneutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry.Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the second edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas andresults of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry`s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell's inequalities are all discussed and explained inthis book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are also topics of this book. Itincludes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth's gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory.Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules and clusters.The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the senior undergraduate and beginning of graduate level. It will interest and excite many students and researchers in neutron, nuclear, quantum, gravitational, optical, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics andquantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.
Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been non-existent or inadequate, and in any other situation when the engineer has needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available. The book covers the history of using of physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including bridges in the mid-18th century, William Fairbairn?s Britannia bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s, concrete dams in the 1920s, thin concrete shell roofs and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings in earthquakes from the 1930s, tidal flow in estuaries and the acoustics of concert halls from the 1950s, and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced scale models have played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated. The book concludes with reviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example, in boundary layer wind tunnels, room acoustics, seismic engineering, hydrology, and air flow in buildings.
The corporate history of BASF spans an era of German and international economic history that began with the rise of the 'new industries' as of the late nineteenth century and continues today in their confrontation with the new economy. This book examines BASF's corporate governance, financial system, industrial relations, system of qualification and relation to other companies. A corporate history of BASF promises more than an insight into the functioning of an industrial organisation. It also reveals the reasons for the extraordinary economic dynamics of the German empire and the enormous expansion of the world economy before World War I. BASF's history stands at the centre of Germany's wartime economy during two world wars and highlights both its strengths and weaknesses. Just as the IG Farben trust helped support Germany's course of politicoeconomic autarky after 1933, so it was that BASF helped facilitate West Germany's startlingly quick return to the world market. BASF has since been among the transnational companies whose efforts at the leading edge of economic and technological progress are paradigmatic for Germany's entry into the new economy of the twenty-first century.
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