In 2014, China initiated its national action plan for sponge city development aiming to tackle urban water and environmental challenges. Since then, numerous projects have been implemented across 30 pilot cities and beyond in China through two development stages. The sponge city development, based on a systematic approach of “source reduction, process control, and systematic remediation”, adopts comprehensive technical measures of “infiltration, detention, retention, purification, utilization and discharge”, and coordinates the different aspects of water quantity and quality, ecology and safety, centralized and decentralized, green and grey, landscape and function, on-shore and off-shore, surface and underground, etc. It aims to control urban runoff effectively, to minimize the impacts of urban development and construction activities on the natural hydrological characteristics and ecological environment, and to enable the city’s resilience like a “sponge” to adapt to environmental changes and natural disasters. This assessment standard for sponge city effects published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China is an attempt to provide guidance on the assessment of the effects of sponge city development projects and the city development as a whole. The main technical contents of this standard include: 1) general provisions; 2) terms and symbols; 3) basic requirements; 4) assessment items and 5) assessment methods. The publication of the English version of the Chinese assessment standard aims to provide non-Chinese readers an insight into what objectives are to be achieved through sponge city development and how sponge city projects are evaluated in China.
Urban Drainage and Storage Practices focuses on the latest developments in urban stormwater design methods using drainage and storage approaches for both water quality and quantity control. It covers both the conventional approaches to flood mitigation and low-impact methods for stormwater quality enhancement. Theory, practice, and modeling methods are presented to illustrate how to build a holistic stormwater drainage and storage system using urban open space and parks through multiple land use. Each chapter provides background theory, numerical experiments, illustrations, and Excel spreadsheets that outline design and calculation procedures. All urban watersheds are modeled as a series of cascading planes to drain stormwater from upstream roofs and parking lots onto downstream grass areas and vegetal beds. The drainage system is designed as a three-layer cascading system with various low-impact units for micro events, conveyance elements for minor events, and storage facilities for macro events. This book: presents the theory and practice of designing and building a stormwater system explains green approaches to designing and managing urban stormwater systems. This text is ideal for senior and graduate students studying urban hydrology, hydraulic engineering, and water resource management. It will also be useful for engineers requiring a technical book with hands-on practical examples.
The book intends to land the theoretical foundation of Pooling Game Theory, and includes three cores, pooling path selection theorem, pooling efficient information strengthening theorem and pooling game ecosystem theorem. Pooling path selection theorem emerges to recognize pooling mechanism in human society is not a one-play trial but a series of repeated pooling games. Pooling path selection theorem has three pillars, Path Dependent Pooling Equilibrium Criterion (i.e. Persistent Mutation Path and One-shot Mutation Path), Path Context Difference and Rationality Standard (Two interested contexts to be identified, Fixed Exploration Game and Fixed Exhaustion Game), Equilibrium Path Pattern Profile (Filling order, General Realization Form of Convention Evolution, Expected Disorder). Pooling efficient information strengthening theorem includes four pillars, Pooling Efficient Information Strengthening Standards (Base Game to Pooling Game to Signaling Game), Game Sponsor and Players Interaction Dynamics, Pooling Form Economics (Capacity Difference Economics: Full Pooling Cooperation, A Lump Sum Play, Primary Layer Play; Structure Economics: At Will Leave Game, Lock and Leave Game), Inherent Weakness of Multiple Player Game. Pooling Game Ecosystem theorem has four pillars, Pooling Games Competition and Coexistence Dynamics, Pooling Game Based Universal Network, Pooling Game Ecosystem Equilibrium (Interaction Equilibrium and Information Equilibrium), Pooling Game Ecosystem and Trade Game Ecosystem Co-equilibrium. The book is the first attempt in human history to use mathematical approach as the basis to understand pooling structures and practices in our society. The theory shall prevail over all forms of pooling structure in human civilization. As a part, it gives out some important and objective answers to the debates extended in the book "Capital in the 21st Century." It also provides important insights on various practical considerations and emerging issues in modern pooling mechanism, particularly for public pension plan. With more than twenty numeric examples and simplified models, it helps all levels of readers to understand the core concepts in Pooling Game Theory. To unify the efforts under the book, the computational law of reachable optimality for ordered system is introduced, which is the refined theoretical foundation of Game Theory and is the theoretical foundation of Complexity Science as well. The book also points out Two Critical Illusions and Two Pooling Information Strengthening Malpractices complicate the globally persistent ageing pattern we face today. And most likely, we have already been in an ageing driven dim economy regime worldwide. Consequently, the Book discusses the details of reasons and solutions.
Urban Drainage and Storage Practices focuses on the latest developments in urban stormwater design methods using drainage and storage approaches for both water quality and quantity control. It covers both the conventional approaches to flood mitigation and low-impact methods for stormwater quality enhancement. Theory, practice, and modeling methods are presented to illustrate how to build a holistic stormwater drainage and storage system using urban open space and parks through multiple land use. Each chapter provides background theory, numerical experiments, illustrations, and Excel spreadsheets that outline design and calculation procedures. All urban watersheds are modeled as a series of cascading planes to drain stormwater from upstream roofs and parking lots onto downstream grass areas and vegetal beds. The drainage system is designed as a three-layer cascading system with various low-impact units for micro events, conveyance elements for minor events, and storage facilities for macro events. This book: presents the theory and practice of designing and building a stormwater system explains green approaches to designing and managing urban stormwater systems. This text is ideal for senior and graduate students studying urban hydrology, hydraulic engineering, and water resource management. It will also be useful for engineers requiring a technical book with hands-on practical examples.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of semi-supervised approaches to dependency parsing. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, one of the main reasons for their success is that they can make use of large unlabeled data together with relatively small labeled data and have shown their advantages in the context of dependency parsing for many languages. Various semi-supervised dependency parsing approaches have been proposed in recent works which utilize different types of information gleaned from unlabeled data. The book offers readers a comprehensive introduction to these approaches, making it ideally suited as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the fields of syntactic parsing and natural language processing.
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