Water Science and Technology Board's Books

Research Needs in Subsurface Science

By: National Research Council,Water Science and Technology Board,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Program

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Research Needs in Subsurface Science

By: National Research Council,Water Science and Technology Board,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Program

Research Needs in Subsurface Science provides an overview of the subsurface contamination problems across the DOE complex and shows by examples from the six largest DOE sites (Hanford Site, Idaho Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Nevada Test Site, Oak Ridge Reservation, Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, and Savannah River Site) how advances in scientific and engineering knowledge can improve the effectiveness of the cleanup effort. This report analyzes the current Environmental Management (EM) Science Program portfolio of subsurface research projects to assess the extent to which the program is focused on DOE's contamination problems. This analysis employs an organizing scheme that provides a direct linkage between basic research in the EM Science Program and applied technology development in DOE's Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area. Research Needs in Subsurface Science also reviews related research programs in other DOE offices and other federal agencies (see Chapter 4) to determine the extent to which they are focused on DOE's subsurface contamination problems. On the basis of these analyses, this report singles out the highly significant subsurface contamination knowledge gaps and research needs that the EM Science Program must address if the DOE cleanup program is to succeed.

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186

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309066468

ISBN 13

9780309066464

Future Water Priorities for the Nation

Directions for the U.S. Geological Survey Water Mission Area

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Future Water Resource Needs for the Nation: Water Science and Research at the U.S. Geological Survey

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Future Water Priorities for the Nation

Directions for the U.S. Geological Survey Water Mission Area

Solving problems related to use of water resources will be of paramount importance in coming decades as increasing pressure from growing populations, climate change, extreme weather, and aging water-related infrastructure threaten water availability and quality. The Water Mission Area (WMA) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long-established reputation for collecting and delivering high-quality, unbiased scientific information related to the nation's water resources. WMA observations help inform decisions ranging from rapid responses during emergencies such as hurricanes, floods, and forest fires, to the long-term management of water resources. Produced at the request of USGS, this report identifies the nation's highest-priority water science and resources challenges over the next 25 years. Future Water Priorities for the Nation summarizes WMA's current water science and research portfolio, and recommends strategic opportunities for WMA to more effectively address the most pressing challenges.

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111

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309477093

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9780309477093

Review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study

Second Report

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the Corps of Engineers Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study

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Review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study

Second Report

For the past few years, the Corps has been working on what is known as the Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study, the heart of which is a multibillion-dollar proposal to double the length of up to a dozen locks on the river. The Research Council first reviewed the feasibility study in 2001 during controversies over the accuracy of models being used by the Corps to justify lock expansion based on increased demand for barge transportation. More than 100 million tons of cargo-half of it grain destined for international markets, the other half goods such as construction materials, coal, and chemicals-are shipped along the navigation system each year. The locks, which along with dams allow barges to traverse uneven river depths, were originally designed for "tows" of barges up to 600 feet long, but the length of a typical tow has increased, forcing the Corps to look for ways to relieve congestion. The book finds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has made good progress in broadening its proposed plan for navigation improvements on the Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway system to give greater consideration to ecological restoration. However, the plan still does not provide sufficient economic justification for expanding locks on the rivers because of flaws in the models the Corps used to predict demand for barge transportation. Little attention is paid to inexpensive, nonstructural navigation improvements that could help better manage existing levels of barge traffic. The revised plan has been usefully expanded to include many creative and potentially useful ecosystem restoration measures. These measures, however, should be more firmly grounded in river science principles and more broadly consider ways the river's ecology might affect or be affected by navigation, recreation and other uses.

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101

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309094364

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9780309094368

Envisioning the Agenda for Water Resources Research in the Twenty-First Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board

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Envisioning the Agenda for Water Resources Research in the Twenty-First Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board

In this century, the United States will be challenged to provide sufficient quantities of high-quality water to its growing population. Water is a limiting resource for human well-being and social development, and projections of population growth as well as changing social values suggest that demands for this resource will increase significantly. These projections have fueled concerns among the public and water resources professionals alike about the adequacy of future water supplies, the sustainability and restoration of aquatic ecosystems, and the viability of our current water resource research programs and our institutional and physical water resource infrastructures. With the goal of outlining a roadmap to guide policymakers, the Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) held a series of discussions at several of its meetings in 1998-2000 about the future of the nation's water resources and the appropriate research needed to achieve their long-term sustainability. From those discussions, the board produced this report, the objectives of which are to: draw attention to the urgency and complexity of water resources issues facing the United States in the twenty-first century; broadly inform decision makers, researchers, and the public about these issues and challenges; identify needed knowledge and corresponding water resources research areas that should be emphasized immediately and over the long term; and describe ways in which the setting of the water research agenda, the conduct of water research, and investments devoted to such research should be improved in the next few decades. This report discusses major research questions related to the critical water issues that face the nation. It lays out an interdisciplinary research portfolio for the next 20 years and recommends agenda-setting processes that can maximize the nation's ability to prioritize and conduct water resources research.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170745

ISBN 13

9780309170741

A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan

Parts I and II

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Panel on Water System Security Research

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A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan

Parts I and II

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Panel on Water System Security Research

The report examines a draft plan, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency, that identifies critical security issues for drinking water and wastewater and outlines related research and technical support needs. This report recommends increased attention to interagency coordination and encourages additional consideration of current restrictions on secure information dissemination. It further suggests that EPA incorporate the results of their research activities into an integrated water security guidance document to improve support for water and wastewater utilities.

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138

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309167175

ISBN 13

9780309167178

Review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Restructured Upper Mississippi-Illinois River Waterway Feasibility Study

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Review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Restructured Upper Mississippi-Illinois River Waterway Feasibility Study

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has a long history of managing navigation, floods, and other water-related issues on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. A recent chapter in that history is the problem of waterway congestion at several locks on the lower portion of the Upper Mississippi River. The Corps has studied this problem and its possible solutions since the late 1980s, producing a draft feasibility study in 2000 and an interim report on a restructured feasibility study in 2002. A committee was convened to review and provide advice on the most recent phase of the Corps' analytical efforts.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309182360

ISBN 13

9780309182362

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades

The Third Biennial Review - 2010

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress

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Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades

The Third Biennial Review - 2010

Although the progress of environmental restoration projects in the Florida Everglades remains slow overall, there have been improvements in the pace of restoration and in the relationship between the federal and state partners during the last two years. However, the importance of several challenges related to water quantity and quality have become clear, highlighting the difficulty in achieving restoration goals for all ecosystem components in all portions of the Everglades. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades explores these challenges. The book stresses that rigorous scientific analyses of the tradeoffs between water quality and quantity and between the hydrologic requirements of Everglades features and species are needed to inform future prioritization and funding decisions.

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326

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309214270

ISBN 13

9780309214278

Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

By: U.S. National Academy of Sciences,Royal Scientific Society, Jordan,Palestine Academy for Science and Technology,Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Sustainable Water Supplies in the Middle East

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Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

This book is the result of a joint research effort led by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and involving the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Palestine Health Council. It discusses opportunities for enhancement of water supplies and avoidance of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East. Based on the concept that ecosystem goods and services are essential to maintaining water quality and quantity, the book emphasizes conservation, improved use of current technologies, and water management approaches that are compatible with environmental quality.

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243

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030906421X

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9780309064217

Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

By: Committee on Sustainable Water Supplies in the Middle East,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,Palestine Academy for Science and Technology,Royal Scientific Society, Jordan,U.S. National Academy of Sciences

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Water for the Future

The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan

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243

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309517834

ISBN 13

9780309517836

Toward Sustainability

Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Office of International Affairs,Board on Science and Technology for International Development,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on International Soil and Water Research and Development

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Toward Sustainability

Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries

How can high-growth areas such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America sustain agricultural production for current and future generations? Toward Sustainability explores research priorities to support sustainable agriculture. The book identifies six areas that could offer great rewards: addressing institutional constraints on resource conservation, enhancing soil biological processes, managing soil properties, improving water resource management, matching crops to environments, and effectively incorporating social and cultural dimensions into research. Also highlighted is the importance of developing collaborative, integrated research strategies and flexible mechanisms to periodically evaluate and reassess research priorities.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309046416

ISBN 13

9780309046411

Hazardous Waste Site Management

Water Quality Issues

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Water Science and Technology Board

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Hazardous Waste Site Management

Water Quality Issues

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Water Science and Technology Board

Hazardous Waste Site Management addresses current methods used in the regulatory process with respect to water quality cleanup levels. Information and perspectives on the adequacy of these methods are provided by representatives from water utilities, industry, and environmental groups. Setting environmental standards, establishing and meeting ground-water protection goals, and specific approaches to setting goals are also fully examined.

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225

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309037905

ISBN 13

9780309037907

Sustaining Our Water Resources

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board

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Sustaining Our Water Resources

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board

This volume, a collection of seven essays by individuals prominent in the water resources field, commemorates the tenth anniversary of the Water Science and Technology Board. The essays cover a variety of current issues in the field, including intergenerational fairness and water resources, the relationship between policy and science for American rivers, changing values and perceptions in the hydrologic sciences, challenges to water resources decision making, and changing concepts of systems management. An overview of institutions in the field is also given.

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127

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309049482

ISBN 13

9780309049481

Managing the Columbia River

Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Water Resources Management, Instream Flows, and Salmon Survival in the Columbia River Basin

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Managing the Columbia River

Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival

Flows of the Columbia River, although modified substantially during the twentieth century, still vary considerably between seasons and between years. Lowest flows tend to occur during summer months when demand for irrigation water is at its highest and when water temperatures are greatest. These periods of low flows, high demand, and high temperature are critical periods for juvenile salmon migrating downstream through the Columbia River hydropower system. Although impacts on salmon of any individual water withdrawal may be small, the cumulative effects of numerous withdrawals will affect Columbia River flows and would pose increased risks to salmon survival. The body of scientific knowledge explaining salmon migratory behavior and physiology is substantial, but imperfect, and decision makers should acknowledge this and be willing to take action in the face of uncertainties. In order to provide a more comprehensive water permitting process, the State of Washington, Canada, other basin states, and tribal groups should establish a basin-wide forum to consider future water withdrawal application permits. If the State of Washington issues additional permits for water withdrawals from the Columbia River, those permits should contain provisions that allow withdrawals to be curtailed during critical high-demand periods.

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261

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091551

ISBN 13

9780309091558

Opportunities to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program

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Opportunities to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Improve the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) established the National Water Quality Assesment (NAWQA) program in 1985 to assess water quality conditions and trends in representative river basins and aquifers across the United States. With this report, the NRC's Water Science and Technology Board has provided advice to USGS regarding NAWQA five separate times as the program evolved from an unfunded concept to a mature and nationally-recognized program in 2002. This report assesses the program's development and representative accomplishments to date and makes recommendations on opportunities to improve NAWQA as it begins its second decade of nationwide monitoring.

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252

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170109

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9780309170109

Review of the WATERS Network Science Plan

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Review of Water and Environmental Research Systems (WATERS) Network

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Review of the WATERS Network Science Plan

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Review of Water and Environmental Research Systems (WATERS) Network

One of the most critical issues facing the United States today is the proper management of our water resources. Water availability and quality are changing due to increasing population, urbanization, and land use and climate change, and shortages in water supply have been increasing in frequency in many parts of the country. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has entertained the Water and Environmental Research Systems (WATERS) Network as one possible initiative whereby NSF could provide the advances in the basic science needed to respond effectively to the challenge of managing water resources. The WATERS Network, a joint initiative of the Engineering, the Geosciences, and the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences directorates at NSF, is envisioned as an integrated national network of observatories and experimental facilities supporting research, outreach, and education on large-scale, water-related environmental problems. The proposed observatories would provide researchers with access to linked sensing networks, data repositories, and computational tools connected through high-performance computing and telecommunications networks. This book, the final of a series about the WATERS project, provides a more detailed review of the Science Plan and provides advice on collaborating with other federal agencies.

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ISBN 10

0309153131

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9780309153133

Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Beneficial Use of Graywater and Stormwater: An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

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Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

Chronic and episodic water shortages are becoming common in many regions of the United States, and population growth in water-scarce regions further compounds the challenges. Increasingly, alternative water sources such as graywater-untreated wastewater that does not include water from the toilet but generally includes water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, clothes washers, and laundry sinks- and stormwater-water from rainfall or snow that can be measured downstream in a pipe, culvert, or stream shortly after the precipitation event-are being viewed as resources to supplement scarce water supplies rather than as waste to be discharged as rapidly as possible. Graywater and stormwater can serve a range of non-potable uses, including irrigation, toilet flushing, washing, and cooling, although treatment may be needed. Stormwater may also be used to recharge groundwater, which may ultimately be tapped for potable use. In addition to providing additional sources of local water supply, harvesting stormwater has many potential benefits, including energy savings, pollution prevention, and reducing the impacts of urban development on urban streams. Similarly, the reuse of graywater can enhance water supply reliability and extend the capacity of existing wastewater systems in growing cities. Despite the benefits of using local alternative water sources to address water demands, many questions remain that have limited the broader application of graywater and stormwater capture and use. In particular, limited information is available on the costs, benefits, and risks of these projects, and beyond the simplest applications many state and local public health agencies have not developed regulatory frameworks for full use of these local water resources. To address these issues, Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies analyzes the risks, costs, and benefits on various uses of graywater and stormwater. This report examines technical, economic, regulatory, and social issues associated with graywater and stormwater capture for a range of uses, including non-potable urban uses, irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies considers the quality and suitability of water for reuse, treatment and storage technologies, and human health and environmental risks of water reuse. The findings and recommendations of this report will be valuable for water managers, citizens of states under a current drought, and local and state health and environmental agencies.

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224

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309388384

ISBN 13

9780309388382

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

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Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA) manages the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which is a cornerstone in the U.S. strategy to assist communities to prepare for, mitigate against, and recover from flood disasters. The NFIP was established by Congress with passage of the National Flood Insurance Act in 1968, to help reduce future flood damages through NFIP community floodplain regulation that would control development in flood hazard areas, provide insurance for a premium to property owners, and reduce federal expenditures for disaster assistance. The flood insurance is available only to owners of insurable property located in communities that participate in the NFIP. Currently, the program has 5,555,915 million policies in 21,881 communities3 across the United States. The NFIP defines the one percent annual chance flood (100-year or base flood) floodplain as a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). The SFHA is delineated on FEMA's Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM's) using topographic, meteorologic, hydrologic, and hydraulic information. Property owners with a federally back mortgage within the SFHAs are required to purchase and retain flood insurance, called the mandatory flood insurance purchase requirement (MPR). Levees and floodwalls, hereafter referred to as levees, have been part of flood management in the United States since the late 1700's because they are relatively easy to build and a reasonable infrastructure investment. A levee is a man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide protection from temporary flooding. A levee system is a flood protection system which consists of a levee, or levees, and associated structures, such as closure and drainage devices, which are constructed and operated in accordance with sound engineering practices. Recognizing the need for improving the NFIP's treatment of levees, FEMA officials approached the National Research Council's (NRC) Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) and requested this study. The NRC responded by forming the ad hoc Committee on Levee and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices, charged to examine current FEMA treatment of levees within the NFIP and provide advice on how those levee-elated policies and activities could be improved. The study addressed four broad areas, risk analysis, flood insurance, risk reduction, and risk communication, regarding how levees are considered in the NFIP. Specific issues within these areas include current risk analysis and mapping procedures behind accredited and non-accredited levees, flood insurance pricing and the mandatory flood insurance purchase requirement, mitigation options to reduce risk for communities with levees, flood risk communication efforts, and the concept of shared responsibility. The principal conclusions and recommendations are highlighted in this report.

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275

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309282934

ISBN 13

9780309282932

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

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Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Hydrologyâ€"the science of waterâ€"is central to our understanding of the global environment and its many problems. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences explains how the science of water historically has played second fiddle to its applications and how we now must turn to the hydrologic sciences to solve some of the emerging problems. This first book of its kind presents a blueprint for establishing hydrologic science among the geosciences. Informative and well-illustrated chapters explore what we know about the forces that drive the global water system, highlighting promising research topics in hydrology's major subfields. The book offers specific recommendations for improving hydrologic education, from kindergarten through graduate school. In addition, a chapter on the basics of the science is interesting for the scientist and understandable to the lay reader. This readable volume is enhanced by a series of brief biographical sketches of past leaders in the field and fascinating vignettes on important applied problems, from the relevance of hydrology to radioactive waste disposal to the study of ancient water flows on Mars. The volume concludes with a report on current research funding and an outline of strategies for scientists and professional societies to advance the field. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences is indispensable to policymakers in science and education, research managers in geoscience programs, researchers, educators, graduate students, and future hydrologists.

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367

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309042445

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9780309042444

Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades

Risks and Opportunities

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Restoration of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem

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Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades

Risks and Opportunities

The Water Science and Technology Board and the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology have released the seventh and final report of the Committee on Restoration of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, which provides consensus advice to the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force on various scientific and technical topics. Human settlements and flood-control structures have significantly reduced the Everglades, which once encompassed over three million acres of slow-moving water enriched by a diverse biota. To remedy the degradation of the Everglades, a comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan was formulated in 1999 with the goal of restoring the original hydrologic conditions of its remaining natural ecosystem. A major feature of this plan is providing enough storage capacity to meet human needs while also providing the needs of the greater Everglades ecosystem. This report reviews and evaluates not only storage options included in the Restoration Plan but also other options not considered in the Plan. Along with providing hydrologic and ecological analyses of the size, location and functioning of water storage components, the report also discusses and makes recommendations on related critical factors, such as timing of land acquisition, intermediate states of restoration, and tradeoffs among competing goals and ecosystem objectives.

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140

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030918150X

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9780309181501

Mexico City's Water Supply

Improving the Outlook for Sustainability

By: The Joint Academies Committee on the Mexico City Water Supply,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council,Academia Nacional de la Investigacion Cientifica, A.C.,Academia Nacional de Ingenieria, A.C.

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Mexico City's Water Supply

Improving the Outlook for Sustainability

This book addresses the technical, health, regulatory, and social aspects of ground water withdrawals, water use, and water quality in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, and makes recommendations to improve the balance of water supply, water demand, and water conservation. The study came about through a nongovernmental partnership between the U.S. National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council and the Mexican Academies of Science and Engineering. The book will contain a Spanish-language translation of the complete English text.

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255

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309587948

ISBN 13

9780309587945

Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,1998 Workshop on Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants

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Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,1998 Workshop on Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants

With an increasing population, use of new and diverse chemicals that can enter the water supply, and emergence of new microbial pathogens, the U.S. federal government is faced with a regulatory dilemma: Where should it focus its attention and limited resources to ensure safe drinking water supplies for the future? Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants is based on a 1998 workshop on emerging drinking water contaminants. It includes a dozen papers that were presented on new and emerging microbiological and chemical drinking water contaminants, associated analytical and water treatment methods for their detection and removal, and existing and proposed environmental databases to assist in their proactive identification and regulation. The papers are preceded by a conceptual approach and related recommendations to EPA for the periodic creation of future Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCLsâ€"produced every five yearsâ€"include currently unregulated chemical and microbiological substances that are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and that may pose health risks).

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277

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309064325

ISBN 13

9780309064323

Water Resources Planning for the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway

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Water Resources Planning for the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently completed its feasibility study for the Upper Mississippi River-Ilinois Waterway, which was one of the agency's longest and most complicated studies in its history. The first two reports from this WSTB committee reviewed analytical aspects of the Corps feasibility study. Water Resources Planning for the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway considers the broader issue of managing the multiple resources of the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway, especially with regard to several, recently-issued NRC reports on Corps of Engineers planning procedures. The report finds that a key issue regarding planning decisions on these river systems is the ambiguity related to several different pieces of legislation and acts that govern river management, and thus recommends that the administration and Congress clarify the federal intent for managing this river and waterway system. The report recommends an independent, retrospective reivew of the experience with a federal inter-agency Principals Group, which was convened to provide guidance to the Corps study. It is also recommended that the Corps strive to incorporate flexible, adaptive management principles through its entire water planning program, including operations of the lock and dam system.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309181704

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9780309181709

Confronting the Nation's Water Problems

The Role of Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessment of Water Resources Research

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Confronting the Nation's Water Problems

The Role of Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessment of Water Resources Research

In order to confront the increasingly severe water problems faced by all parts of the country, the United States needs to make a new commitment to research on water resources. A new mechanism is needed to coordinate water research currently fragmented among nearly 20 federal agencies. Given the competition for water among farmers, communities, aquatic ecosystems and other users-as well as emerging challenges such as climate change and the threat of waterborne diseases-Confronting the Nation's Water Problems concludes that an additional $70 million in federal funding should go annually to water research. Funding should go specifically to the areas of water demand and use, water supply augmentation, and other institutional research topics. The book notes that overall federal funding for water research has been stagnant in real terms for the past 30 years and that the portion dedicated to research on water use and social science topics has declined considerably.

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325

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309092582

ISBN 13

9780309092586

Managing Coastal Erosion

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Marine Board,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management

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Managing Coastal Erosion

More and more of the nation's vast coastlines are being filled with homes and vacation resorts. The result is an increasing number of structures built on erosion-prone shoresâ€"with many of these structures facing collapse or damage. In response to mounting property losses, Congress has given the Federal Emergency Management Agency responsibility for incorporating coastal erosion into its National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This book from the National Research Council addresses the immediate question of how to develop an erosion insurance programâ€"as well as the larger issues raised by the continually changing face of our nation's shorelines. Managing Coastal Erosion explores major questions surrounding a national policy on coastal erosion: Should the federal government be in the business of protecting developers and individuals who build in erosion-prone coastal areas? How should such a program be implemented? Can it prompt more responsible management of coastal areas? The volume provides federal policymakers, state floodplain and resource managers, civil engineers, environmental groups, marine specialists, development companies, and researchers with invaluable information about the natural processes of coastal erosion and the effect of human activity on those processes. The book also details the workings of the NFIP, lessons to be learned from numerous state coastal management programs, and much more.

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199

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309041430

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9780309041430

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

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Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

New research opportunities to advance hydrologic sciences promise a better understanding of the role of water in the Earth system that could help improve human welfare and the health of the environment. Reaching this understanding will require both exploratory research to better understand how the natural environment functions, and problem-driven research, to meet needs such as flood protection, supply of drinking water, irrigation, and water pollution. Collaboration among hydrologists, engineers, and scientists in other disciplines will be central to meeting the interdisciplinary research challenges outline in this report. New technological capabilities in remote sensing, chemical analysis, computation, and hydrologic modeling will help scientists leverage new research opportunities.

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200

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309222869

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9780309222860

Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty

A Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Climate Uncertainty and Water Resources Management

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Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty

A Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Climate Uncertainty and Water Resources Management

The question of whether the earth's climate is changing in some significant human-induced way remains a matter of much debate. But the fact that climate is variable over time is well known. These two elements of climatic uncertainty affect water resources planning and management in the American West. Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty examines the scientific basis for predictions of climate change, the implications of climate uncertainty for water resources management, and the management options available for responding to climate variability and potential climate change.

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359

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309046777

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9780309046770

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Future Options for Management in the Nation's Subsurface Remediation Effort

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Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Future Options for Management in the Nation's Subsurface Remediation Effort

Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.

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423

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309278740

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9780309278744

CLEANER and NSF's Environmental Observatories

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Collaborative Large-scale Engineering Analysis Network for Environmental Research (CLEANER)

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CLEANER and NSF's Environmental Observatories

Degradation of the nation's water resources threatens the health of humans and the functioning of natural ecosystems. To help better understand the causes of these adverse impacts and how they might be more effectively mitigated, especially in urban and human-stressed aquatic systems, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has proposed the establishment of a Collaborative Large-scale Engineering Analysis Network for Environmental Research (CLEANER). This program would provide a platform for near-real-time and conventional data collection and analysis; improve understanding and prediction of processes controlling large-scale environmental and hydrologic systems; help explain human-induced impacts on the environment; and help identify more effective adaptive management approaches to mitigate adverse impacts of human activities on water and land resources. At NSF's request, the National Academies undertook a review this proposed program. The resultant report recommends that NSF proceed with its planning, implementation, and intra- and interagency coordination activities for the program, as a successful environmental observatory network could transform the environmental engineering profession and increase its already considerable contributions to society.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309180872

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9780309180870

Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act: Scientific, Modeling, and Technical Aspects of Nutrient Pollutant Load Allocation and Implementation

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Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico

A large area of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico experiences seasonal conditions of low levels of dissolved oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia. Excess discharge of nutrients into the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers causes nutrient overenrichment in the gulf's coastal waters and stimulates the growth of large algae blooms. When these algae die, the process of decomposition depletes dissolved oxygen from the water column and creates hypoxic conditions. In considering how to implement provisions of the Clean Water Act to strengthen nutrient reduction objectives across the Mississippi River basin, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested advice from the National Research Council. This book represents the results of the committee's investigations and deliberations, and recommends that the EPA and U.S. Department of Agriculture should jointly establish a Nutrient Control Implementation Initiative to learn more about the effectiveness of actions meant to improve water quality throughout the Mississippi River basin and into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Other recommendations include how to move forward on the larger process of allocating nutrient loading caps-which entails delegating responsibilities for reducing nutrient pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus-across the basin.

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ISBN 10

030913000X

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9780309130004

Onshore Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development

Legacy Issues and Innovations in Managing Riskâ¬"Day 1: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Roundtable on Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development

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Onshore Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development

Legacy Issues and Innovations in Managing Riskâ¬"Day 1: Proceedings of a Workshop

Oil and gas well completion and stimulation technologies to develop unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the United States have evolved over the past several decades, particularly in relation to the development of shale oil and shale gas. Shale oil and shale gas resources and the technology associated with their production are often termed "unconventional" because the oil and gas trapped inside the shale or other low-permeability rock formation cannot be extracted using conventional technologies. Since about 2005, the application of these technologies to fields in the U.S. have helped produce natural gas and oil in volumes that allowed the country to reduce its crude oil imports by more than 50% and to become a net natural gas exporter. The regional and national economic and energy advances gained through production and use of these resources have been accompanied, however, by rapid expansion of the infrastructure associated with the development of these fields and public concern over the impacts to surface- and groundwater, air, land, and communities where the resources are extracted. The intent of the first day of the workshop of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development was to discuss onshore unconventional hydrocarbon development in the context of potential environmental impacts and the ways in which the risks of these kinds of impacts can be managed. Specifically, the workshop sought to examine the lifecycle development of these fields, including decommissioning and reclamation of wells and related surface and pipeline infrastructure, and the approaches from industry practice, scientific research, and regulation that could help to ensure management of the operations in ways that minimize impacts to the environment throughout their active lifetimes and after operations have ceased. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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101

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309474248

ISBN 13

9780309474245

Toward a New Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS)

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Assess the National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service Initiative

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Toward a New Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS)

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Assess the National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service Initiative

The National Weather Service (NWS) is responsible for providing flood forecasts and warnings in the United States. The agency established the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Services (AHPS) program in 1997 to advance technology for hydrologic services, specifically to provide accurate forecasts that support timely warnings for all users of hydrologic predictions. AHPS strives to provide information at the right time to facilitate adequate responses to mitigate damages to life, livelihoods, and property. AHPS is slated to be fully implemented nationwide in 2013. With seven years still remaining in its development and implementation timeline, a review of the program now is critical to providing NWS with information it needs to maximize the effectiveness of the AHPS program. This report assesses AHPS in respect to hydrologic science and technology research, river routing and mechanics, "systems" engineering aspects, and implementation. Overall, this report finds AHPS to be an ambitious program that promises to provide services and products that are timely and necessary. The report calls for AHPS to develop a detailed and comprehensive, multi-year implementation plan and for the program's goals and budget to be brought into closer alignment.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309101441

ISBN 13

9780309101448

Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Sustainable Underground Storage of Recoverable Water

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Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Sustainable Underground Storage of Recoverable Water

Growing demands for water in many parts of the nation are fueling the search for new approaches to sustainable water management, including how best to store water. Society has historically relied on dams and reservoirs, but problems such as high evaporation rates and a lack of suitable land for dam construction are driving interest in the prospect of storing water underground. Managed underground storage should be considered a valuable tool in a water manager's portfolio, although it poses its own unique challenges that need to be addressed through research and regulatory measures.

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351

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309114381

ISBN 13

9780309114387

Issues in Potable Reuse

The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water

By: Committee to Evaluate the Viability of Augmenting Potable Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Issues in Potable Reuse

The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water

A small but growing number of municipalities are augmenting their drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater. But some professionals in the field argue that only the purest sources should be used for drinking water. Is potable reuse a viable application of reclaimed water? How can individual communities effectively evaluate potable reuse programs? How certain must "certain" be when it comes to drinking water safety? Issues in Potable Reuse provides the best available answers to these questions. Useful to scientists yet accessible to concerned lay readers, this book defines important terms in the debate and provides data, analysis, and examples of the experience of municipalities from San Diego to Tampa. The committee explores in detail the two major types of contaminants: Chemical contaminants. The committee discusses how to assess toxicity, reduce the input of contaminants, evaluate treatment options, manage the byproducts of disinfection and other issues. Microbial contaminants, including newly emerging waterborne pathogens. The book covers methods of detection, health consequences, treatment, and more. Issues in Potable Reuse reviews the results of six health effects studies at operational or proposed reuse projects. The committee discusses the utility of fish versus mammals in toxicology testing and covers issues in quality assurance.

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280

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309517680

ISBN 13

9780309517683

Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Committee on Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems

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Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Committee on Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems

When waterfowl began to die from selenium poisoning at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in California's San Joaquin Valley, considerable alarm arose among environmental and agricultural specialists. This new volume suggests that Kesterson is not a unique problem and the events there offer important lessons for the future. Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems uses the San Joaquin experience to suggest how we can prepare for similar problems elsewhere. As one committee member put it, "There will be elsewheres"â€"trace elements and organic contaminants are being concentrated by irrigation in many river basins. This book addresses how the Kesterson crisis developed, how irrigation can endanger water quality, and how economic, legal, and other factors impede our ability to respond to water quality problems. The committee explores how to study these problems, unraveling complex issues and clarifying the varying perspectives of farmers, environmentalists, scientists, and other key figures. This dispassionate analysis of a controversial topic will be useful to policymakers, resource managers, and agricultural specialists and farmers, as well as specialists in hydrology, water quality, irrigation, law, and environmental quality. It will also be useful as a case study in the environmental policy classroom.

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172

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309040361

ISBN 13

9780309040365

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