Originally published in 1914, this book presents a chronological study of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period through to the Victorian era. The text was not written to provide a comprehensive guide, but rather to give readers a 'companion to studies' which would encourage their curiosity. Each chronological chapter is divided into sections on prose and verse, and a detailed index is also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the literary criticism and the historical development of English literature.
CORROSION TESTING IN freshwater environments is performed to determine the corrosion characteristics of water, evaluate the behavior of various materials when exposed to water, and evaluate various corrosion mitigation methods. For example, waters in cooling systems are often analyzed to determine how much and what forms of corrosion might occur on a given metal. Screening tests are used to select the most appropriate metal for use as piping material. Various water treatment alternatives can be tested in the laboratory or in a pilot plant. Tests are used to monitor the selected treatment scheme. Laboratory screening tests, detailed simulations, pilot plant studies, and system monitoring are typical corrosion testing methods. In any event, the selection of the appropriate test method will depend on the objectives of the test, details of the system, and the process parameters (e.g., flow, temperature, and chemistry). Test design and analysis are covered elsewhere in this book as well as in the referenced documents. This chapter discusses the causes and types of corrosion common in freshwater systems and the standardized tests used for evaluation. Freshwater can be defined simply as water that is not salty and brackish water is defined by the dictionary as water having a somewhat salty taste. A more quantitative definition of brackish water is water with a salinity between 0.5 and 17 parts per thousand [1] (Ref ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary, J. R. Davis Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992). Then freshwater can be further defined as water with a salinity less than 0.5 parts per thousand. For the purposes of this chapter, freshwater systems include potable water, heating/cooling, condensate, rivers, streams, and lakes.
THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES an overview of standard corrosion testing procedures for freshwater systems. Additional information is provided in Chapter 31-Freshwater. Freshwater can be defined simply as water that is not salty; brackish water as defined by the dictionary is water having a somewhat salty taste. A more quantitative definition of brackish water is water with a salinity between 0.5 and 17 parts per thousand [1]. Then freshwater can be further defined as water with a salinity of less than 0.5 parts per thousand. For the purposes of this chapter, freshwater systems include potable water, heating/cooling, steam, condensate, rivers, streams, lakes, and wastewater.
CORROSION TESTING of pipelines is done for several reasons. One is to evaluate the pipeline condition to determine whether or not it is safe to operate. If repairs are needed, testing is performed to determine if repair is feasible or if replacement is needed. Testing is performed to track the pipe condition so that repair or replacement can be budgeted. Another reason for testing pipes is to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control measures, such as inhibitors for internal pipe surfaces or cathodic protection for internal or external surfaces. This chapter provides information on test techniques that can be applied to metallic pipes above ground or buried in an aqueous environment. Prior to discussing test techniques, the chapter will discuss briefly the materials and corrosion issues affecting pipelines. This chapter is by no means a detailed text on corrosion of pipelines, and the reader is encouraged to consult the references for further detail.
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