This title takes an in-depth look at the mathematics in the context of voting and electoral systems, with focus on simple ballots, complex elections, fairness, approval voting, ties, fair and unfair voting, and manipulation techniques. The exposition opens with a sketch of the mathematics behind the various methods used in conducting elections. The reader is lead to a comprehensive picture of the theoretical background of mathematics and elections through an analysis of Condorcet’s Principle and Arrow’s Theorem of conditions in electoral fairness. Further detailed discussion of various related topics include: methods of manipulating the outcome of an election, amendments, and voting on small committees. In recent years, electoral theory has been introduced into lower-level mathematics courses, as a way to illustrate the role of mathematics in our everyday life. Few books have studied voting and elections from a more formal mathematical viewpoint. This text will be useful to those who teach lower level courses or special topics courses and aims to inspire students to understand the more advanced mathematics of the topic. The exercises in this text are ideal for upper undergraduate and early graduate students, as well as those with a keen interest in the mathematics behind voting and elections.
This introduction to discrete mathematics is aimed at freshmen and sophomores in mathematics and computer science. It begins with a survey of number systems and elementary set theory before moving on to treat data structures, counting, probability, relations and functions, graph theory, matrices, number theory and cryptography. The end of each section contains problem sets with selected solutions, and good examples occur throughout the text.
Magic squares are among the more popular mathematical recreations. Over the last 50 years, many generalizations of “magic” ideas have been applied to graphs. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in “magic labelings” due to a number of results that have applications to the problem of decomposing graphs into trees. Key features of this second edition include: · a new chapter on magic labeling of directed graphs · applications of theorems from graph theory and interesting counting arguments · new research problems and exercises covering a range of difficulties · a fully updated bibliography and index This concise, self-contained exposition is unique in its focus on the theory of magic graphs/labelings. It may serve as a graduate or advanced undergraduate text for courses in mathematics or computer science, and as reference for the researcher.
Accessible to undergraduate students, Introduction to Combinatorics presents approaches for solving counting and structural questions. It looks at how many ways a selection or arrangement can be chosen with a specific set of properties and determines if a selection or arrangement of objects exists that has a particular set of properties. To give students a better idea of what the subject covers, the authors first discuss several examples of typical combinatorial problems. They also provide basic information on sets, proof techniques, enumeration, and graph theory—topics that appear frequently throughout the book. The next few chapters explore enumerative ideas, including the pigeonhole principle and inclusion/exclusion. The text then covers enumerative functions and the relations between them. It describes generating functions and recurrences, important families of functions, and the theorems of Pólya and Redfield. The authors also present introductions to computer algebra and group theory, before considering structures of particular interest in combinatorics: graphs, codes, Latin squares, and experimental designs. The last chapter further illustrates the interaction between linear algebra and combinatorics. Exercises and problems of varying levels of difficulty are included at the end of each chapter. Ideal for undergraduate students in mathematics taking an introductory course in combinatorics, this text explores the different ways of arranging objects and selecting objects from a set. It clearly explains how to solve the various problems that arise in this branch of mathematics.
An advanced reference containing 21 selected or consolidated papers presented at an international conference in April 1988 at Tunxi (now Hunangshan), China. Contains recent, previously unavailable findings of Chinese mathematicians; discusses problems, results, and proving methods of combinatorial d
Because of its wide applicability, graph theory is one of the fast-growing areas of modern mathematics. Graphs arise as mathematical models in areas as diverse as management science, chemistry, resource planning, and computing. Moreover, the theory of graphs provides a spectrum of methods of proof and is a good train ing ground for pure mathematics. Thus, many colleges and universities provide a first course in graph theory that is intended primarily for mathematics majors but accessible to other students at the senior Ievel. This text is intended for such a course. I have presented this course many times. Over the years classes have included mainly mathematics and computer science majors, but there have been several engineers and occasional psychologists as weil. Often undergraduate and graduate students are in the same dass. Many instructors will no doubt find themselves with similar mixed groups. lt is to be expected that anyone enrolling in a senior Ievel mathematics course will be comfortable with mathematical ideas and notation. In particular, I assume the reader is familiar with the basic concepts of set theory, has seen mathematical induction, and has a passing acquaintance with matrices and algebra. However, one cannot assume that the students in a first graph theory course will have a good knowledge of any specific advanced area. My reaction to this is to avoid too many specific prerequisites. The main requirement, namely a little mathematical maturity, may have been acquired in a variety of ways.
This book has grown out of graduate courses given by the author at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, as well as a series of seminars delivered at Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. The book is intended to be used both as a textbook at the graduate level and also as a professional reference. The topic of one-factorizations fits into the theory of combinatorial designs just as much as it does into graph theory. Factors and factorizations occur as building blocks in the theory of designs in a number of places. Our approach owes as much to design theory as it does to graph theory. It is expected that nearly all readers will have some background in the theory of graphs, such as an advanced undergraduate course in Graph Theory or Applied Graph Theory. However, the book is self-contained, and the first two chapters are a thumbnail sketch of basic graph theory. Many readers will merely skim these chapters, observing our notational conventions along the way. (These introductory chapters could, in fact, enable some instructors to Ilse the book for a somewhat eccentric introduction to graph theory.) Chapter 3 introduces one-factors and one-factorizations. The next two chapters outline two major application areas: combinatorial arrays and tournaments. These two related areas have provided the impetus for a good deal of study of one-factorizations.
Mathematics in the Real World is a self-contained, accessible introduction to the world of mathematics for non-technical majors. With a focus on everyday applications and context, the topics in this textbook build in difficulty and are presented sequentially, starting with a brief review of sets and numbers followed by an introduction to elementary statistics, models, and graph theory. Data and identification numbers are then covered, providing the pathway to voting and finance. Each subject is covered in a concise and clear fashion through the use of real-world applications and the introduction of relevant terminology. Many sample problems – both writing exercises and multiple-choice questions – are included to help develop students’ level of understanding and to offer a variety of options to instructors. Covering six major units and outlining a one-semester course, Mathematics in the Real World is aimed at undergraduate liberal art students fulfilling the mathematics requirement in their degree program. This introductory text will be an excellent resource for such courses, and will show students where mathematics arises in their everyday lives.
Combinatorial theory is one of the fastest growing areas of modern mathematics. Focusing on a major part of this subject, Introduction to Combinatorial Designs, Second Edition provides a solid foundation in the classical areas of design theory as well as in more contemporary designs based on applications in a variety of fields. After an o
This second edition of A Beginner’s Guide to Finite Mathematics takes a distinctly applied approach to finite mathematics at the freshman and sophomore level. Topics are presented sequentially: the book opens with a brief review of sets and numbers, followed by an introduction to data sets, histograms, means and medians. Counting techniques and the Binomial Theorem are covered, which provides the foundation for elementary probability theory; this, in turn, leads to basic statistics. This new edition includes chapters on game theory and financial mathematics. Requiring little mathematical background beyond high school algebra, the text will be especially useful for business and liberal arts majors.
This concisely written text in finite mathematics gives a sequential, distinctly applied presentation of topics, employing a pedagogical approach that is ideal for freshmen and sophomores in business, the social sciences, and the liberal arts. The work opens with a brief review of sets and numbers, followed by an introduction to data sets, counting arguments, and the Binomial Theorem, which sets the foundation for elementary probability theory and some basic statistics. Further chapters treat graph theory as it relates to modelling, matrices and vectors, and linear programming. Requiring only two years of high school algebra, this book's many examples and illuminating problem sets - with selected solutions - will appeal to a wide audience of students and teachers.
This book is focused on pancyclic and bipancyclic graphs and is geared toward researchers and graduate students in graph theory. Readers should be familiar with the basic concepts of graph theory, the definitions of a graph and of a cycle. Pancyclic graphs contain cycles of all possible lengths from three up to the number of vertices in the graph. Bipartite graphs contain only cycles of even lengths, a bipancyclic graph is defined to be a bipartite graph with cycles of every even size from 4 vertices up to the number of vertices in the graph. Cutting edge research and fundamental results on pancyclic and bipartite graphs from a wide range of journal articles and conference proceedings are composed in this book to create a standalone presentation. The following questions are highlighted through the book: - What is the smallest possible number of edges in a pancyclic graph with v vertices? - When do pancyclic graphs exist with exactly one cycle of every possible length? - What is the smallest possible number of edges in a bipartite graph with v vertices? - When do bipartite graphs exist with exactly one cycle of every possible length?
Magic squares, their origins lost in antiquity, are among the more popular mathematical recreations. "Magic" ideas have also been applied to graphs, labellings, and trees. Unlike many elusive subjects in this area, the problem for vertex-magic total labelings has been solved, and the details are examined in this volume.
This introduction to discrete mathematics is aimed at freshmen and sophomores in mathematics and computer science. It begins with a survey of number systems and elementary set theory before moving on to treat data structures, counting, probability, relations and functions, graph theory, matrices, number theory and cryptography. The end of each section contains problem sets with selected solutions, and good examples occur throughout the text.
Concisely written, gentle introduction to graph theory suitable as a textbook or for self-study Graph-theoretic applications from diverse fields (computer science, engineering, chemistry, management science) 2nd ed. includes new chapters on labeling and communications networks and small worlds, as well as expanded beginner's material Many additional changes, improvements, and corrections resulting from classroom use
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