These three works by Nobel Prize–winning physicists offer an enlightening window into the scientific minds that changed the twentieth century. With their discoveries and formulations, Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Werner Heisenberg ushered the world into the Nuclear Age. As colleagues, they often corresponded, sharing insights and championing each other’s work. In the three volumes collected here, they discuss their thoughts about life, science, politics, and how they approached their revolutionary work. Out of My Later Years by Albert Einstein: Perhaps the most celebrated scientist of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein was also a philosopher and outspoken humanitarian. Collected here are some of his most insightful essays, articles, letters, and speeches written between 1934 and 1950. Accessible and fascinating, these works reflect the broad sweep of Einstein’s intellectual concerns, from scientific inquiry to Jewish identity; and from global politics to the great minds he knew and admired. Scientific Autobiography by Max Planck: The founder of quantum theory, Max Planck revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic behavior. Born in Germany in 1858, he lived a long and eventful life at the center of both scientific advancement and global events. From the childhood epiphany that inspired him to pursue a life in science, to the great discoveries he made amidst terrifying political turmoil, Planck tells his story in this illuminating autobiography. Nuclear Physics by W. Heisenberg: Werner Heisenberg is famous for developing the uncertainty principle, which bears his name, and for his pioneering work in quantum mechanics. In Nuclear Physics, he offers an accessible introduction to the subject based on his own lectures. Beginning with a short history of atomic physics, he delves into the nature of nuclear forces and reactions, the tools of nuclear physics, and its world-changing technical and practical applications.
The Nobel Prize–winning physicist offers a fascinating popular introduction to nuclear physics from early atomic theory to its transformative applications. Theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg is famous for developing the uncertainty principle, which bears his name, and for his pioneering work in quantum mechanics. A central figure in the development of the atomic bomb and a close colleague of Albert Einstein, Heisenberg wrote Nuclear Physics “for readers who, while interested in natural sciences, have no previous training in theoretical physics.” Compiled from a series of his lectures on the subject, Heisenberg begins with a short history of atomic physics before delving into the nature of nuclear forces and reactions, the tools of nuclear physics, and its world-changing technical and practical applications. Nuclear Physics is an ideal book for general readers interested in learning about some of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the twentieth century.
Presents two essays commemorating Werner Heisenberg's 100th birthday, which are complemented by a short and nicely illustrated biographical note in the appendix. In the second part, the reader will find a spectrum of articles devoted to important developments in central areas of research by authors are outstanding scientists. Contributions on modern developments by eminent physicists such as Anton Zeilinger, Julius Weiss, Elliott Lieb, Michael Peskin, Jürg Frölich, Alan Watson, and others.
A compilation of previously unpublished lectures delivered at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics by the pioneers and creators of modern physics --Bethe, Dirac, Heisenberg, Wigner, Klein and Landau (the sixth delivered by E Lifshitz). By sharing with us their own lives of physics, these outstanding physicists convey the sense of total dedication, the pleasure and elegance of scientific creation at its peak. Readers would acquire a deeper sense of the scope and nature of physics, and the insights of its fascinating diverse disciplines as the developments of modern physics are being unfolded through history.
Recent advances in three areas of nuclear physics are addressed in this volume. The theory of the ground state of matter is fundamental to many areas of physics and, in particular, is crucial to a microscopic understanding of nuclear physics. All conclusions concerning the relevance of me sonic, nu clear isobar, and quark degrees of freedom to nuclear structure are nec essarily subject to limitations in one's ability to accurately solve the nuclear many-body problem with static two-body interactions. Thus, it is particularly significant that in recent years great advances have been made in the vari ational theory of the ground state of zero-temperature infinite matter. The first article presents a pedagogical treatment of these advances and surveys computational results for a variety of model and physical systems. The second article reviews recent progress in determining nuclear tran sition densities from inelastic electron scattering. In the past, detailed knowl edge of the charge distributions in nuclear ground states obtained from inverting elastic electron scattering data has proven extremely valuable.
In modern physics, the classical vacuum of tranquil nothingness has been replaced by a quantum vacuum with fluctuations of measurable consequence. In The Quantum Vacuum, Peter Milonni describes the concept of the vacuum in quantum physics with an emphasis on quantum electrodynamics. He elucidates in depth and detail the role of the vacuum electromagnetic field in spontaneous emission, the Lamb shift, van der Waals, and Casimir forces, and a variety of other phenomena, some of which are of technological as well as purely scientific importance. This informative text also provides an introduction based on fundamental vacuum processes to the ideas of relativistic quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, including renormalization and Feynman diagrams. Experimental as well as theoreticalaspects of the quantum vacuum are described, and in most cases details of mathematical derivations are included. Chapter 1 of The Quantum Vacuum - published in advance in The American Journal of Physics (1991)-was later selected by readers as one of the Most Memorable papers ever published in the 60-year history of the journal. This chapter provides anexcellent beginning of the book, introducing a wealth of information of historical interest, the results of which are carefully woven into subsequent chapters to form a coherent whole. Does not assume that the reader has taken advanced graduate courses, making the text accessible to beginning graduate students Emphasizes the basic physical ideas rather than the formal, mathematical aspects of the subject Provides a careful and thorough treatment of Casimir and van der Waals forces at a level of detail not found in any other book on this topic Clearly presents mathematical derivations
Provides (an)...accurate portrait of the essence of the disputes, both epistemological and technical, that characterize contemporary inquiry. This book will profit any reader-physicist, mathematician, philosopher, or civilian-who wants a comprehensive and intelligible survey of this pesky episode in fundamental physical theory."-CHOICE "I have no hesitation in recommending this book to anyone interested in the history, philosophy or sociology of science, and it is worth adding to the library shelf on quantum theory."-PHYSICS WORLD
Much as Marcel Proust spun out a lifetime of memories from the taste of a madeleine, The Uranium Club spins out the history of Nazi Germany's failed World War II atomic-bomb project by tracing the whereabouts of a small, blackened cube of Nazi uranium. It's a riveting tale of competing German ambitions and arrogant mistakes, a nonfiction thriller tracking teams of American scientists as they race to prevent Hitler from beating the United States to the atomic bomb." —Richard Rhodes, author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb Tim Koeth peered into the crumpled brown paper lunch bag; inside was a surprisingly heavy black metal cube. He recognized the mysterious object instantly—he had one just like it sitting on his desk at home. It was uranium metal, taken from the nuclear reactor that Nazi scientists had tried—and failed—to build at the end of World War II. This unexpected gift, wrapped in a piece of paper inscribed with a few cryptic but crucial lines, would launch Koeth, a nuclear physicist and professor, and his colleague Miriam Hiebert, a cultural heritage scientist, on an odyssey to trace the tale of these cubes—two of the original 664 on which the Third Reich had pinned their nuclear ambitions. Part treasure hunt, part historical narrative, The Uranium Club winds its way through the back doors of World War II and Manhattan Project histories to recount the contributions of the men and women at the forefront of the race for nuclear power. From Werner Heisenberg and Germany's nuclear program to the Curies, the first family of nuclear physics, to the Allied Alsos Mission's infiltration of Germany to capture Nazi science to the renegade geologists of Murray Hill scouring the globe for uranium, the cubes are lodestars that illuminate a little-known—and hugely consequential—chapter of history. The cubes are physical testimony to the stories of the German failure, and the successful American program that launched the world into the modern nuclear age, and the lessons for modern science that the contrast in these two programs has to offer.
Schommers introduces the foundations, mostly from a histori- cal point of view. Eberhard gives an introductory account of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and Bell's celebrated inequalities. D'Espagnat discusses realism andseparability and concludes that contemporary physics does not lead to a definite conception of the world. Eberhard shows how a model consistent with Bell's theorem can be constructed by ad- mitting faster-than-light action at a distance. Schommers discusses the structure ofspace-time and argues that physi- cally real processes do not take place in but are projected on space-time. Selleri discusses the idea that objectively real quantum waves exist and could in principle be detected.
A research professor of nuclear physics explores the mysterious essence of time in its two aspects---one of accurate measurement, the other of human sensation---as it is found in the concepts of modern physics and major religions.
John W. Moffat was a poor student of math and science. That is, until he read Einstein’s famous paper on general relativity. Realizing instantly that he had an unusual and unexplained aptitude for understanding the complex physics described in the paper, Moffat wrote a letter to Einstein that would change the course of his life. Einstein Wrote Back tells the story of Moffat’s unusual entry into the world of academia and documents his career at the frontlines of twentieth-century physics as he worked and associated with some of the greatest minds in scientific history, including Niels Bohr, Fred Hoyle, Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrödinger, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Abdus Salam, among others. Taking readers inside the classrooms and minds of these giants of modern science, Moffat affectionately exposes the foibles and eccentricities of these great men, as they worked on the revolutionary ideas that, today, are the very foundation of modern physics and cosmology.
This book is based on lectures given at the Global Analysis Research Center (GARC) of Seoul National University in 1999and at Peking University in 1999and 2000. Preliminary versions of the book have been used for various topics courses in analysis for graduate students at York University. We study in this book wavelet transforms and localization operators in the context of infinite-dimensional and square-integrable representations of locally compact and Hausdorffgroups. The wavelet transforms studied in this book, which include the ones that come from the Weyl-Heisenberg group and the well-known affine group, are the building blocks of localization operators. The theme that dominates the book is the spectral theory of wavelet transforms and localization operators in the form of Schatten-von Neumann norm inequalities. Several chap ters are also devoted to the product formulas for concrete localization operators such as Daubechies operators and wavelet multipliers. This book is a natural sequel to the book on pseudo-differential operators [103] and the book on Weyl transforms [102] by the author. Indeed, localization operators on the Weyl-Heisenberg group are Weyl transforms, which are in fact pseudo-differential operators. Details on the perspective and the organization of the book are laid out in the first chapter. This is a book on mathematics and is written for anyone who has taken basic graduate courses in measure theory and functional analysis. Some knowledge of group theory and general topology at the undergraduate level is also assumed.
- Helps managers combat the manufacturing mindset that dominates business thinking, and shows why this mindset is harmful to software development - Introduces predictability to the historically unpredictable world of software development - Allows organizations to improve job satisfaction by fostering an environment of creativity among developers
Stephen W. Hawking, widely believed to have been one of be one of the worlds greatest minds, presents a series of seven lectures covering everything from big bang to black holes to string theory. These lectures not only capture the brilliance of Hawking's mind, but his characteristic wit as well. In The Illustrated Theory of Everything, Hawking begins with a history of ideas about the universe, from Aristotles determination that the Earth is round to Hubbles discovery, more than 2,000 years later, that the universe is expanding. Using that as a launching pad, he explores the reaches of modern physics, including theories on the origin of the universe (e.g., the Big Bang), the nature of black holes, and space-time. Finally, he poses the questions left unanswered by modern physics, especially how to combine all the partial theories into a unified theory of everything. If we find the answer to that, he claims, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason. A great popularizer of science as well as a brilliant scientist, Hawking believes that advances in theoretical science should be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just a few scientists. In this book, he offers a fascinating voyage of discovery about the cosmos and our place in it. It is a book for anyone who has ever gazed at the night sky and wondered what was up there and how it came to be.
This is an introduction to the quantum theory of light and its broad implications and applications. A significant part of the book covers material with direct relevance to current basic and applied research, such as quantum fluctuations and their role in laser physics and the theory of forces between macroscopic bodies (Casimir effects). The book includes numerous historical sidelights throughout, and approximately seventy exercises. The book provides detailed expositions of the theory with emphasis on general physical principles. Foundational topics in classical and quantum electrodynamics are addressed in the first half of the book, including the semiclassical theory of atom-field interactions, the quantization of the electromagnetic field in dispersive and dissipative media, uncertainty relations, and spontaneous emission. The second half begins with a chapter on the Jaynes-Cummings model, dressed states, and some distinctly quantum-mechanical features of atom-field interactions, and includes discussion of entanglement, the no-cloning theorem, von Neumann's proof concerning hidden variable theories, Bell's theorem, and tests of Bell inequalities. The last two chapters focus on quantum fluctuations and fluctuation-dissipation relations, beginning with Brownian motion, the Fokker-Planck equation, and classical and quantum Langevin equations. Detailed calculations are presented for the laser linewidth, spontaneous emission noise, photon statistics of linear amplifiers and attenuators, and other phenomena. Van der Waals interactions, Casimir forces, the Lifshitz theory of molecular forces between macroscopic media, and the many-body theory of such forces based on dyadic Green functions are analyzed from the perspective of Langevin noise, vacuum field fluctuations, and zero-point energy.
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