The textbook is devoted to the description of the light field formation in turbid media, such as atmosphere and ocean. By the light field is understood the description of the electromagnetic field propagation (transfer) in the ray approximation. The basis of presentation is the physical theory of radiation transfer, which allows covering the whole range of issues relating to the transfer of polarized radiation in a turbid medium with a physical level of rigor: electrodynamics basis of photometric and the vectorial radiative transfer equation (VRTE), analysis of absorption and scattering of light in a medium, methods for solving VRTE for different geometries of a turbid medium and boundary conditions. The presentation peculiarity is bringing all the proposed solutions to the practical algorithms with their illustrations by concrete codes in the Matlab. All parts of codes are interconnected that allows showing the light fields calculation in real turbid media at the end of textbook.
This second edition contains nearly 4,000 linear partial differential equations (PDEs) with solutions as well as analytical, symbolic, and numerical methods for solving linear equations. First-, second-, third-, fourth-, and higher-order linear equations and systems of coupled equations are considered. Equations of parabolic, mixed, and other types are discussed. New linear equations, exact solutions, transformations, and methods are described. Formulas for effective construction of solutions are given. Boundary value and eigenvalue problems are addressed. Symbolic and numerical methods for solving PDEs with Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB are explored.
Eastern Europe has become an ideological battleground since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with liberals and authoritarians struggling to seize the ground lost by Marxism. In Fantasies of Salvation, Vladimir Tismaneanu traces the intellectual history of this struggle and warns that authoritarian nationalists pose a serious threat to democratic forces. A leading observer of the often baffling world of post-Communist Europe, Tismaneanu shows that extreme nationalistic and authoritarian thought has been influential in Eastern Europe for much of this century, while liberalism has only shallow historical roots. Despite democratic successes in places such as the Czech Republic and Poland, he argues, it would be a mistake for the West to assume that liberalism will always triumph. He backs this argument by showing how nationalist intellectuals have encouraged ethnic hatred in such countries as Russia, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia by reviving patriotic myths of heroes, scapegoats, and historical injustices. And he shows how enthusiastically these myths have been welcomed by people desperate for some form of "salvation" from political and economic uncertainty. On a theoretical level, Tismaneanu challenges the common ideas that the ideological struggle is between "right" and "left" or between "nationalists" and "internationalists." In a careful analysis of the conflict's ideological roots, he argues that it is more useful and historically accurate to view the struggle as between those who embrace the individualist traditions of the Enlightenment and those who reject them. Tismaneanu himself has been active in the intellectual battles he describes, particularly in his native Romania, and makes insightful use of interviews with key members of the dissident movements of the 1970s and 1980s. He offers original observations of countries from the Baltic to the Black Sea and expresses his ideas in a vivid and forceful style. Fantasies of Salvation is an indispensable book for both academic and nonacademic readers who wish to understand the forces shaping one of the world's most important and unpredictable regions.
The Croatian medieval archaeological heritage from the 8th to the 15th century consists mostly of jewelry (earrings) findings from cemeteries. This book uses vertical and horizontal stratigraphy, on the basis of around 20,000 burial assemblages from 16 cemeteries (out of several hundred so far excavated in Croatia), to establish relative and absolute chronology of jewelry and burial architecture divided into three horizons and four phases in comparison with materials from neighboring regions of Europe.
I. Dynamics of Sorption and Its Practical Significance.- 1. Dynamics of Sorption as a Heterogeneous Process.- 2. On the History of the Practical Applications of the Phenomenon of Sorption Dynamics. Sorption Technology and Chromatography.- 3. Problems of Terminology and Classification in the Theory of the Dynamics of Sorption and Chromatography.- 4. History of the Development of the Theory of Dynamics of Sorption and Chromatography.- II. General Formulation of the Problem of the Dynamics of Sorption and Methods of Its Solution.- 1. Formulation of the Problem.- 2. Equations of the Material Balan.
The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature is the first detailed study of the representation of the Turkic peoples and Ottoman Turks in Malay literature between the 14th–19th centuries. Drawing on a wide range of texts, Vladimir Braginsky uncovers manifold metamorphoses and diverse forms of localisation of this Turkic-Turkish theme. This theme has strongly influenced the religious and political ideals and political mythology of Malay society. By creating fictional rather than realistic portrayals of the Turks and Turkey, imagining the king of Rum as the origin point of Malay dynasties, and dreaming of Ottoman assistance in the jihad against the colonial powers, Malay literati ultimately sought to empower the Malay ‘self’ by bringing it closer to the Turkish ‘other’.
Physical formulations leading to ill-posed problems Basic concepts of the theory of ill-posed problems Analytic continuation Boundary value problems for differential equations Volterra equations Integral geometry Multidimensional inverse problems for linear differential equations
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