A new, biologically driven model of human behavior in which reason is tethered to the evolutionarily older autonomic, instinctive, and associative systems. In Reason and Less, Vinod Goel explains the workings of the tethered mind. Reason does not float on top of our biology but is tethered to evolutionarily older autonomic, instinctive, and associative systems. After describing the conceptual and neuroanatomical basis of each system, Goel shows how they interact to generate a blended response. Goel’s commonsense account drives human behavior back into the biology, where it belongs, and provides a richer set of tools for understanding how we pursue food, sex, and politics. Goel takes the reader on a journey through psychology (cognitive, behavioral, developmental, and evolutionary), neuroscience, philosophy, ethology, economics, and political science to explain the workings of the tethered mind. One key insight that holds everything together is that feelings—generated in old, widely conserved brain stem structures—are evolution’s solution to initiating and selecting all behaviors, and provide the common currency for the different systems to interact. Reason is as much about feelings as are lust and the taste of chocolate cake. All systems contribute to behavior and the overall control structure is one that maximizes pleasure and minimizes displeasure. Tethered rationality has some sobering and challenging implications for such real-world human behaviors as climate change denial, Trumpism, racism, or sexism. They cannot be changed simply by targeting beliefs but will require more drastic measures, the nature of which depends on the specific behavior in question. Having an accurate model of human behavior is the crucial first step.
Much of the cognitive lies beyond articulate, discursive thought, beyond the reach of current computational notions. In Sketches of Thought, Vinod Goel argues that the cognitive computational conception of the world requires our thought processes to be precise, rigid, discrete, and unambiguous; yet there are dense, ambiguous, and amorphous symbol systems, like sketching, painting, and poetry, found in the arts and much of everyday discourse that have an important, non-trivial place in cognition. Goel maintains that while on occasion our thoughts do conform to the current computational theory of mind, they often are - indeed must be - vague, fluid, ambiguous, and amorphous. He argues that if cognitive science takes the classical computational story seriously, it must deny or ignore these processes, or at least relegate them to the realm of the nonmental. Along the way, Goel makes a number of significant and controversial interim points. He shows that there is a principled distinction between design and nondesign problems, that there are standard stages in the solution of design problems, that these stages correlate with the use of different types of external symbol systems, that these symbol systems are usefully individuated in Nelson Goodman's syntactic and semantic terms, and that different cognitive processes are facilitated by different types of symbol systems.
Embark on a soul-stirring odyssey with "Eight Hours in the Ambulance," a tale that began as a mere whisper in the author's mind during a turbulent ambulance journey with his ailing wife. What seemed like a solitary moment of reflection evolved into an enthralling biography, weaving the extraordinary life of Laxmi Sharma. As the ambulance traversed through realms of pain, the author's musings unfurled a tapestry of shared joys and heartaches, revealing a life well-lived. In this emotionally charged fiction, the fragility of existence and the indomitable human spirit take center stage. Little did the author know that the seeds of storytelling sown during those eight hours would blossom into a captivating tribute to love and life. "Eight Hours in Ambulance" transcends the ordinary, inviting readers into a world where reality and fiction meld seamlessly, offering a riveting exploration of the remarkable journey of a fictionalized yet profoundly human character.
It is important for ophthalmologists to keep up to date with the most recent research and advances in their rapidly developing field. This handbook is a compilation of major clinical trials in different subspecialties in the field of ophthalmology. Each trial is presented in a uniform manner, detailing the background and purpose of the study, design, number of subjects with inclusion and exclusion criteria, outcomes, then results and conclusions. Key points Compilation of major clinical trials in ophthalmology Covers all subspecialties in the field Each trial is presented in a uniform manner to assist learning Includes extensive references for further reading
Intended as a text for the postgraduate students of political science, this well-researched book attempts to track the evolution of political ideas in the recent past and their background. It brings out the contemporary epistemological and methodological debates within the discipline and social sciences as a whole, and incorporates the latest developments in the field. Divided into forty chapters under eleven parts, the book deals with the core concepts and debates in political theory, and focuses on the state-society interactions. It tries to explain how the states, societies and cultures have responded to the emerging challenges thrown up by the social, economic and political factors, and the direction of the response. It also dwells on the impact of globalisation on current trends. Finally, the book analyses the ideas of modern Indian thinkers such as V.D. Savarkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, B.R. Ambedkar and Jayaprakash Narayan. Besides the postgraduate students of political science, the book would also be useful to the aspirants of civil services examinations and the initiated readers.
This book develops a model to examine the language of humour, which is multimodal and accounts for the possibility of transmutation of humour as it is performed through editorial cartoons. By transmutation is meant the transition in the language of humour when it crosses its own boundaries to provoke unprecedented reactions resulting in offensiveness, disappointment or hurt sentiment. The transmutability about the language of humour points to its inherently diabolical nature which manifests in the performance of controversial cartoons. The model is built by borrowing theoretical cues from Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. The integrated model, then, is developed to examine the cartoons which were recommended for deletion by the Thorat Committee, following a cartoon controversy in India. Through the cartoon analysis, the model discerns the significance of context and temporality in determining the impact of humour. It also examines how the ethics of humour; the blurred lines of political correctness and incorrectness are dictated by the political atmosphere and the power dynamics.
Smartness is often associated with living beings, as they can adapt themselves to changing situations. Artificial smart structures are designed to mimic biological structures to a small or large extent. This book gives a comprehensive account of how this can be done. It will be of interest to students and professionals in science and engineering.
This book focuses on India’s foreign policy towards Sri Lanka before the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord (ISLA) in July 1987 and India’s military intervention after the ISLA. The post-intervention developments brought strategic changes in India’s Sri Lanka policy. However, after leadership change in both the countries, India confined its policy to moral support and decided to abstain from direct intervention or involvement in Sri Lanka’s domestic politics. After the demise of the LTTE and its leadership in 2009, India played a constructive role in rebuilding infrastructure in Sri Lanka. The book also focuses on the developments of the relationships between India and Sri Lanka in the post-IPKF period and the bilateral developments in the Post - LTTE periods. Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)
Torbit Book is now a much awaited annual ritual. The stalwarts amongst Investors and leading expert contributors present their valuable insights and experiences of decades in the book.. 'Team Torbit' is indebted to everyone who has continually nourished the content and made our journey worthwhile. I am certain all those who consume this content will be thankful too for the gainful insights. Vinod Behl, Editor, of Torbit Realty and accomplished and recognized real estate journalist, has painstakingly put together this book. Sir, I thank you in all honesty. Team Torbit headed by Chandra Rijwani, Design Head Prashant, Admin Anjum, and Finance Manager Anil have contributed wholeheartedly to making Torbit 2023 a reality. The seed of this endeavor sown with the blessings of my dear Mataji has today taken the form of a large tree. We are proud to present the fourth edition of our yearly book for the benefit of our esteemed readers. Kavita, my soulmate, I am thankful to you for gently pushing and nudging us every time to complete and publish the book on time. Dyu and Yuku, my sweet daughters, it's celebration time - an occasion to pat our backs. We have done it yet again!
The free flow of information is a must for a democratic society as it helps the society to grow and to retain a continuous debate and discussion among the people. No democratic government can survive without accountability and the basic postulate of accountability is that the people should have information about the functioning of the government. Gone are the days when public dealings were kept in strict secret, a practice which often led to corruption, misuse and abuse of statutory and administrative power. Freedom of information brings openness in the administration which helps to promote transparency in state affairs, keep the government more accountable and ultimately reduce corruption. Disclosure of information in regard to the functioning of the government must be the rule and secrecy an exception.
Case-based and easy to use, Yao & Artusio’s Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriented Patient Management is the bestselling study and review reference preferred by both residents and practicing anesthesiologists. The revised Ninth Edition prepares you for the oral and written boards with more than 60 real-world cases accompanied by questions that conform to the four areas of questioning on the oral boards, reinforcing step-by-step critical thinking about today’s surgical anesthesia and patient management.
This study examines an indigenous phenomenon of the Hindu devotees of Jesus Christ and their response to the gospel through an empirical case study conducted in Varanasi, India. It analyzes their religious beliefs and social belonging and addresses the ensuing questions from a historical, theological, and missiological perspective. The data reveals that the respondents profess faith in Jesus Christ; however, most remain unbaptized and insist on their Hindu identity. Hence, a heuristic model for a contextualized baptism as Guru-diksha is proposed. The emergent church among Hindu devotees should be considered, from the perspective of world Christianity, as a disparate form of belonging while remaining within one's community of birth. The insistence on a visible church and a distinct community of Christ's followers is contested because the devotees should construct their contextual ecclesiology, since it is an indigenous discovery of the Christian faith. Thus, the "Christian" label for the adherents is dispensable while retaining their socio-ethnic Hindu identity. Christian mission should discontinue extraction and assimilation; instead, missional praxis should be within the given sociocultural structures, recognizing their idiosyncrasies as legitimate in God's eyes and in need of transformation, like any human culture.
In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Dr. Norman Gitlin, Dr. Vinod Rustgi has put together topics that provide a current clinical update on the treatment and management of patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE). Experts in the field have contributetd clinical review articles on the following topics: Definition, Prevalence, and Epidemiology of HE; Pathophysiology of HE; Clinical Manifestations of HE; Laboratory Abnormalities of HE; Minimal or Subclinical HE; Prognosis of Prognosis of HE; Pharmacological Management of HE; Non-pharmacological Management of HE; Cost Burden of HE; Long-term management of HE: Modern Measures to Prevent Re-admission; Social Impact of HE; and Novel Therapies for HE. Readers will come away with the information they need to improve outcomes in patients with HE.
The present book is primarily intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of computer science and engineering, information technology, and electrical and electronics engineering. It bridges the gaps in knowledge of the seemingly difficult areas of machine learning and nature inspired computing. The text is written in a highly interactive manner, which satisfies the learning curiosity of any reader. Content of the text has been diligently organized to offer seamless learning experience. The text begins with introduction to machine learning, which is followed by explanation of different aspects of machine learning. Various supervised, unsupervised, reinforced and nature inspired learning techniques are included in the text book with numerous examples and case studies. Different aspects of new machine learning and nature inspired learning algorithms are explained in-depth. The well-explained algorithms and pseudo codes for each topic make this book useful for students. The book also throws light on areas like prediction and classification systems. Key Features • Day to day examples and pictorial representations for deeper understanding of the subject • Helps readers easily create programs/applications • Research oriented approach • More case studies and worked-out examples for each machine learning algorithm than any other book
Quantum mechanics is the most successful theory for describing the micro-world of photons, atoms, and their aggregates. It is behind much of the successes of the modern technology. It has deep philosophical implications to the fundamental nature of material reality. A few decades ago it was also realized that it is connected to the computer science and information theory. With this understanding was born the new disciplines of quantum computing and quantum communication. The current book introduces the very exciting area of quantum communication which lies at the intersection of quantum mechanics, information theory, and atomic physics. The relevant concepts of these disciplines are explained and their implication for the task of unbreakably secure communication is elucidated. Mathematical formulation of various approaches are explained and attempt has been made to keep the exposition self-contained.
Cardiothoracic Surgery Review covers all of the core knowledge necessary to pass the cardiothoracic boards or the cardiothoracic recertification exam. Each topic presents core information in two-to-four pages and concludes with a brief list of the most important references. The topics cover all areas in cardiothoracic surgery, including cardiac surgery, pediatric cardiac surgery, and thoracic surgery. Included with the book is a companion website featuring the fully searchable text and over 60 procedural videos. This topic-based review is ideal for anyone needing to rapidly reference an up-to-date knowledge base in cardiothoracic surgery, including cardiothoracic fellows, practitioners studying for recertification, and surgical nurses.
History of Agriculture in India (up to c.1200 AD), Part 1, reconstructs the evolution of agriculture in India up to c.1200AD. It is a synthesis and summation of existing knowledge on the history of agriculture in ancient India on the combined bases of archaeological and literary sources against the backdrop of Asian history in general. Besides summing up the existing knowledge, it opens new vistas for further research on many debated issues in the history of agriculture in ancient India. The volume addresses the vexed and controversial questions on the origin, antiquity and sources of Indian agricultural history. Based on researches from sites of Vindhya, Ganga Region, plant remains, agricultural tools, pots, dental pathology, and settlement remains, it is an informed and highly researched work on the origin and antiquity of cultivation in India. For a historical study of agriculture, Pali, Sangam. Sanskrit and the Graeco-Roman literatures have been utilized. Art and literary sources have also been used to reconstruct history.
Much of the cognitive lies beyond articulate, discursive thought, beyond the reach of current computational notions. In Sketches of Thought, Vinod Goel argues that the cognitive computational conception of the world requires our thought processes to be precise, rigid, discrete, and unambiguous; yet there are dense, ambiguous, and amorphous symbol systems, like sketching, painting, and poetry, found in the arts and much of everyday discourse that have an important, non-trivial place in cognition. Goel maintains that while on occasion our thoughts do conform to the current computational theory of mind, they often are - indeed must be - vague, fluid, ambiguous, and amorphous. He argues that if cognitive science takes the classical computational story seriously, it must deny or ignore these processes, or at least relegate them to the realm of the nonmental. Along the way, Goel makes a number of significant and controversial interim points. He shows that there is a principled distinction between design and nondesign problems, that there are standard stages in the solution of design problems, that these stages correlate with the use of different types of external symbol systems, that these symbol systems are usefully individuated in Nelson Goodman's syntactic and semantic terms, and that different cognitive processes are facilitated by different types of symbol systems.
What is Thinking? – Trying to Define an Equally Fascinating and Elusive Phenomenon Human thinking is probably the most complex phenomenon that evolution has come up with until now. There exists a broad spectrum of definitions, from subs- ing almost all processes of cognition to limiting it to language-based, sometimes even only to formalizable reasoning processes. We work with a “medium sized” definition according to which thinking encompasses all operations by which cog- tive agents link mental content in order to gain new insights or perspectives. Mental content is, thus, a prerequisite for and the substrate on which thinking operations are executed. The largely unconscious acts of perceptual object stabilization, ca- gorization, emotional evaluation – and retrieving all the above from memory inscriptions – are the processes by which mental content is generated, and are, therefore, seen as prerequisites for thinking operations. In terms of a differentia specifica, the notion of “thinking” is seen as narrower than the notion of “cognition” and as wider than the notion of “reasoning”. Thinking is, thus, seen as a subset of cognition processes; and reasoning processes are seen as a subset of thinking. Besides reasoning, the notion of thinking includes also nonexplicit, intuitive, and associative processes of linking mental content. According to this definition, thinking is not dependant on language, i. e. also many animals and certainly all mammals show early forms of thinking.
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