This book is focused on demystifying ‘Ndrangheta, which includes unraveling ‘Ndrangheta’s behavioral elements that exploit criminal opportunities through conspiracy, collusion, and corruption, common among most mafia’-type groups, reinforced by ‘mafia-mystique’. The ‘Ndrangheta phenomenon has evolved over time by exploiting critical supporting elements of power present within the cultural, socio-economic, and political environments of Calabria, which in turn perpetuates, protects, and sustains 'Ndrangheta's presence and persistence. A comprehensive and practical anti-/ counter-‘Ndrangheta overarching campaign plan model is presented to assist policy makers, security practitioners, and criminologists in developing a method and a process for taking actions that neutralize essential elements of power and prestige that besides wealth, are primary objectives of ‘Ndrangheta.
The persistence of ‘Ndrangheta activities around the world show that deterrence efforts alone directed against organized crime fall short in significantly reducing or preventing ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. Additional approaches derived from the Rational Choice Perspective (RCP) are discussed, which include Routine Activities (RA) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP). These practical approaches are applied to ‘Ndrangheta for the purpose of identifying required changes in the environment i.e., political, economic, social, technological, legal that are inclusive of environmental (PESTLE) in a framework using Dynamic Operational Design Planning and Assessment Approach (DODPAA). This approach offers a process for designing actions and measuring results for confronting ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. An example framework model using cocaine transiting through the port of Gioia Tauro is created as an illustration to assist in developing a law enforcement, judicial and legislative plans of action in order to measure, evaluate, and have results integrated into more detailed comprehensive plans of action for reducing and eventually preventing overall ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. This book presents a unique practical method, process, and model for security practitioners, criminologists and policy makers to consider for designing plans of action to confront, challenge, and assess future counter ‘Ndrangheta efforts.
The original empirical research studies contained in this book represent a series of social science inquiries aimed at measuring public opinion of immigrant involvement in crime as well as opinions on certain aspects of immigrant policies in Italy. Each of the three original research empirical studies employed telephonic survey questionnaires using a systematic random sample method to compile data on opinions among respondents. Each study compares responses representing opinions on immigrant and non-immigrant crime with available official crime statistics. The initial original empirical research study in 2004 used content analysis method to compile data on newspaper reporting of area crime in the Vicenza Province in northern Italy. That study examined newspaper reporting of crime and its impact on public opinion of immigrant involvement in crime. Newspaper reporting and subsequent public opinion of immigrant involvement are examined in six major crime categories (Assault, Theft, Robbery, Prostitution, Illegal Drugs, and Fraud). The second original empirical research study in 2006 focused on public opinion of immigrant crime in the six crime categories and expanded the scope from an inquiry of immigrant crime to include policy related issues, while still examining the influence of newspaper exposure. That study compared public opinion of immigrant crime involvement from survey responses in 2004 to those in 2006, and added the selected immigrant policy baseline questions on public opinion regarding (1) immigrant policy controls, (2) immigrant quotas, (3) legal immigrants right to vote, (4) unfavorable perception of immigrant cultural influences on Italian society, and (5) unfavorable perception that immigrant presence perpetuates criminal and terrorist activities. The third original empirical research study in 2013 examined the influence of newspaper exposure and added the geographic location of Reggio Calabria Province in southern Italy. There was a demonstrated and measurable impact in various degrees of significance regarding newspaper exposure and its influence on public opinion of respondents concerning crime worry, immigrant involvement in crime, and immigrant policy related issues. Official crime statistics clearly showed that there were some selected crime categories (prostitution) that immigrants were more responsible for, and their involvement other crime was elevated over and above their percentage of the population (Theft, Robbery, Illegal Drugs, and Assault). All three original empirical research studies confirm a similar pattern of over-representation of immigrants and under-representation of Italian non-immigrants in those crime categories. Immigrant over-representation in crime and exaggerated media accounts of immigrants involvement in crime creates a negative image of the immigrant and possible obstructions for the full integration of immigrant groups into the community. This process could potentially delay assimilation creating a vicious cycle keeping immigrants and even their host-nation-born offspring from ever getting beyond immigrant status and becoming fully socially integrated and culturally assimilated citizens. The negative perceptions regarding continued immigrant policy controls, quotas, and that greater immigrant presence in the community increases crime and terrorism are still major issues that may tend also to discourage, delay, disrupt, and/ or deny positive integration, proper socialization and full assimilation of immigrants. Data can be viewed in light of some crime theory key elements and explanations to account for elevated immigrant involvement in crime as well as the impact of media influence on public opinion regarding immigrant involvement in crime and immigrant policy and relationships to immigrant integration, socialization and assimilation.
The rationale for writing this book is a desire to highlight the utility of combining the efforts of criminologists, security practitioners, and policy makers in confronting crime problems such as maritime piracy. The study examines maritime piracy incident trends over the past few years and presents an explanation for the significant reduction of incidents in East Africa and offers a new approach in constructing a crime-reducing framework applicable to piracy, as well as other crime problems. The intent is to add relevance to the pursuit of social science research crime data collection and analysis using criminological theories (frameworks) and planning techniques for developing crime interdiction strategies that are useful to security practitioners and policy makers. Emphasis is on obtaining readily available data using recognized social science methods to analyze the maritime piracy crime phenomenon for planning and developing the strategies and actions that produce desired outcomes in support of crime reduction. This approach involves identifying appropriate tasks or actions to be taken to achieve the desired effects for each objective and subobjective. It includes an evaluation process of the most salient variables in order to produce assessments that will focus on measuring those actions that have the greatest impacts for generating the most favorable conditions in the environment (desired effects) that are conducive to achieving supporting subobjectives and overall objective (i.e., maritime piracy reduction). This approach creates a framework using selected crime theory elements for examining quantitative and qualitative data for planning counterpiracy actions through a dynamic planning and assessment process.
The original empirical research studies contained in this book represent a series of social science inquiries aimed at measuring public opinion of immigrant involvement in crime as well as opinions on certain aspects of immigrant policies in Italy. Each of the three original research empirical studies employed telephonic survey questionnaires using a systematic random sample method to compile data on opinions among respondents. Each study compares responses representing opinions on immigrant and non-immigrant crime with available official crime statistics. The initial original empirical research study in 2004 used content analysis method to compile data on newspaper reporting of area crime in the Vicenza Province in northern Italy. That study examined newspaper reporting of crime and its impact on public opinion of immigrant involvement in crime. Newspaper reporting and subsequent public opinion of immigrant involvement are examined in six major crime categories (Assault, Theft, Robbery, Prostitution, Illegal Drugs, and Fraud). The second original empirical research study in 2006 focused on public opinion of immigrant crime in the six crime categories and expanded the scope from an inquiry of immigrant crime to include policy related issues, while still examining the influence of newspaper exposure. That study compared public opinion of immigrant crime involvement from survey responses in 2004 to those in 2006, and added the selected immigrant policy baseline questions on public opinion regarding (1) immigrant policy controls, (2) immigrant quotas, (3) legal immigrants right to vote, (4) unfavorable perception of immigrant cultural influences on Italian society, and (5) unfavorable perception that immigrant presence perpetuates criminal and terrorist activities. The third original empirical research study in 2013 examined the influence of newspaper exposure and added the geographic location of Reggio Calabria Province in southern Italy. There was a demonstrated and measurable impact in various degrees of significance regarding newspaper exposure and its influence on public opinion of respondents concerning crime worry, immigrant involvement in crime, and immigrant policy related issues. Official crime statistics clearly showed that there were some selected crime categories (prostitution) that immigrants were more responsible for, and their involvement other crime was elevated over and above their percentage of the population (Theft, Robbery, Illegal Drugs, and Assault). All three original empirical research studies confirm a similar pattern of over-representation of immigrants and under-representation of Italian non-immigrants in those crime categories. Immigrant over-representation in crime and exaggerated media accounts of immigrants involvement in crime creates a negative image of the immigrant and possible obstructions for the full integration of immigrant groups into the community. This process could potentially delay assimilation creating a vicious cycle keeping immigrants and even their host-nation-born offspring from ever getting beyond immigrant status and becoming fully socially integrated and culturally assimilated citizens. The negative perceptions regarding continued immigrant policy controls, quotas, and that greater immigrant presence in the community increases crime and terrorism are still major issues that may tend also to discourage, delay, disrupt, and/ or deny positive integration, proper socialization and full assimilation of immigrants. Data can be viewed in light of some crime theory key elements and explanations to account for elevated immigrant involvement in crime as well as the impact of media influence on public opinion regarding immigrant involvement in crime and immigrant policy and relationships to immigrant integration, socialization and assimilation.
The rationale for writing this book is a desire to highlight the utility of combining the efforts of criminologists, security practitioners, and policy makers in confronting crime problems such as maritime piracy. The study examines maritime piracy incident trends over the past few years and presents an explanation for the significant reduction of incidents in East Africa and offers a new approach in constructing a crime-reducing framework applicable to piracy, as well as other crime problems. The intent is to add relevance to the pursuit of social science research crime data collection and analysis using criminological theories (frameworks) and planning techniques for developing crime interdiction strategies that are useful to security practitioners and policy makers. Emphasis is on obtaining readily available data using recognized social science methods to analyze the maritime piracy crime phenomenon for planning and developing the strategies and actions that produce desired outcomes in support of crime reduction. This approach involves identifying appropriate tasks or actions to be taken to achieve the desired effects for each objective and subobjective. It includes an evaluation process of the most salient variables in order to produce assessments that will focus on measuring those actions that have the greatest impacts for generating the most favorable conditions in the environment (desired effects) that are conducive to achieving supporting subobjectives and overall objective (i.e., maritime piracy reduction). This approach creates a framework using selected crime theory elements for examining quantitative and qualitative data for planning counterpiracy actions through a dynamic planning and assessment process.
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