Surface Structure Modification and Hardening of Al-SI Alloys explores the hardening of material surfaces using concentrated energy flows resulting in the nanostructuring of surface layers. The authors demonstrate how these methods achieve a reduction in plastic deformation of the surface and a more uniform distribution of elastic stresses near the surface during operational use, significantly reducing part failure. It presents results from research and scientific and technological enterprises involved with the modification of light alloy surfaces for use in the automobile and aerospace industries. Additional key features include: Addresses theoretical and experimental research computer simulations of structural phase transformations at the nanolevel to create new materials Details and compares electroexplosion alloying, electron beam processing and electron-plasma alloying of an Al-Si Alloy Explains multiphase plasma jet treatment to obtain high-quality coatings with good and high functional properties This reference is a valuable resource for specialists in the field of physical material science, condensed state physics, metal science and thermal treatment and will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students in these fields.
Asymptotic geometry is the study of metric spaces from a large scale point of view, where the local geometry does not come into play. An important class of model spaces are the hyperbolic spaces (in the sense of Gromov), for which the asymptotic geometry is nicely encoded in the boundary at infinity. In the first part of this book, in analogy with the concepts of classical hyperbolic geometry, the authors provide a systematic account of the basic theory of Gromov hyperbolic spaces. These spaces have been studied extensively in the last twenty years and have found applications in group theory, geometric topology, Kleinian groups, as well as dynamics and rigidity theory. In the second part of the book, various aspects of the asymptotic geometry of arbitrary metric spaces are considered. It turns out that the boundary at infinity approach is not appropriate in the general case, but dimension theory proves useful for finding interesting results and applications. The text leads concisely to some central aspects of the theory. Each chapter concludes with a separate section containing supplementary results and bibliographical notes. Here the theory is also illustrated with numerous examples as well as relations to the neighboring fields of comparison geometry and geometric group theory. The book is based on lectures the authors presented at the Steklov Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Zurich.
This volume presents a complete and self-contained description of new results in the theory of manifolds of nonpositive curvature. It is based on lectures delivered by M. Gromov at the Collège de France in Paris. Therefore this book may also serve as an introduction to the subject of nonpositively curved manifolds. The latest progress in this area is reflected in the article of W. Ballmann describing the structure of manifolds of higher rank.
During the last 20 years, ``localization'' has been one of the dominant themes in the area of equivariant differential geometry. Typical results are the Duistermaat-Heckman theory, the Berline-Vergne-Atiyah-Bott localization theorem in equivariant de Rham theory, and the ``quantization commutes with reduction'' theorem and its various corollaries. To formulate the idea that these theorems are all consequences of a single result involving equivariant cobordisms, the authors have developed a cobordism theory that allows the objects to be non-compact manifolds. A key ingredient in this non-compact cobordism is an equivariant-geometrical object which they call an ``abstract moment map''. This is a natural and important generalization of the notion of a moment map occurring in the theory of Hamiltonian dynamics. The book contains a number of appendices that include introductions to proper group-actions on manifolds, equivariant cohomology, Spin${^\mathrm{c}}$-structures, and stable complex structures. It is geared toward graduate students and research mathematicians interested in differential geometry. It is also suitable for topologists, Lie theorists, combinatorists, and theoretical physicists. Prerequisite is some expertise in calculus on manifolds and basic graduate-level differential geometry.
The book is a continuation of the previous book by the author (Elements of Combinatorial and Differential Topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, Volume 74, American Mathematical Society, 2006). It starts with the definition of simplicial homology and cohomology, with many examples and applications. Then the Kolmogorov-Alexander multiplication in cohomology is introduced. A significant part of the book is devoted to applications of simplicial homology and cohomology to obstruction theory, in particular, to characteristic classes of vector bundles. The later chapters are concerned with singular homology and cohomology, and Cech and de Rham cohomology. The book ends with various applications of homology to the topology of manifolds, some of which might be of interest to experts in the area. The book contains many problems; almost all of them are provided with hints or complete solutions.
A 1988 classic, covering Two-dimensional Surfaces; Domains on the Plane and on Surfaces; Brunn-Minkowski Inequality and Classical Isoperimetric Inequality; Isoperimetric Inequalities for Various Definitions of Area; and Inequalities Involving Mean Curvature.
Idempotent mathematics is a rapidly developing new branch of the mathematical sciences that is closely related to mathematical physics. The existing literature on the subject is vast and includes numerous books and journal papers. A workshop was organized at the Erwin Schrodinger Institute for Mathematical Physics (Vienna) to give a snapshot of modern idempotent mathematics. This volume contains articles stemming from that event. Also included is an introductory paper by G. Litvinov and additional invited contributions. The resulting volume presents a comprehensive overview of the state of the art. It is suitable for graduate students and researchers interested in idempotent mathematics and tropical mathematics.
Experimental Hydrodynamics of Fast-Floating Aquatic Animals presents the latest research on the physiological, morphological and evolutionary factors in aquatic animal locomotion. Beginning with an overview on how to conduct experiments on swimming aquatic animals, assessing hydrodynamic forces, resistance and geometric parameters of animal bodies, the book then details how aquatic animals, such as fast-moving dolphins, can achieve high speeds without over-expelling their energy resources. It provides insights into investigations on how animals, including dolphins, sharks and swordfish can maneuver through water at high speeds, offering a natural model for improving human and technological underwater locomotion. This book is essential for researchers and practicing biologists interested in the study of aquatic animal locomotive physiology and its application to human technology. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students will also find this a helpful academic resource for further understanding animal hydrodynamics. - Analyzes the locomotive benefits of bodily structures in aquatic animals such as cetacean species, penguins, sharks and fast-swimming fish species, such as the swordfish - Features the latest research and firsthand investigative studies of aquatic animal hydrodynamic factors, including skin elasticity, fin shape and movement, bioenergy, and more - Provides a comparison of human to animal hydrodynamics, detailing how energy is spent differently due to evolutionary advances in the latter
Experimental Hydrodynamics for Flow around Bodies explains complex novel experimental methodologies to solve a wide range of important flow problems in industry and research. The book starts by examining the fundamental physical laws necessary for the optimization of techniques for hydro-aeromechanics, heat engineering, and other disciplines related to flow. The reader is then provided with detailed explanations of novel experimental methods, along with the results of physical research. These results are also necessary for the construction of theoretical models that provide improved descriptions for numerous problems in various scientific fields. Frequent discussions, examples of practical applications throughout the text, and foundational, theoretical materials help a range of readers engage and apply these methods to problems in fields including drag reduction, noiseless movement, optimal maneuvering, intense heat transfer, control of separated vortices, wind power, economical energy consumption, and more. - Provides instructions on the set up of innovative experiments for drag reduction that will be of great interest to researchers in aerospace, marine and automotive engineering - Describes, in detail, a variety of novel experiments to investigate boundary layer flow, together with experimental data that can be used with computational models - Assists with bio-inspired hydrodynamic design by providing models of a waving fin mover and investigations of analogs of hydrobiont skin covers
This is a concise, broad overview of the engineering, science and history of planetary landers and atmospheric entry probes designed to explore the atmospheres and surfaces of other planets. This will form an important reference for professionals, researchers and graduate students in planetary science, aerospace engineering and space mission development.
Coverage includes: Experimental findings around coherent vortical structures (CVS) in turbulent boundary layers and methods of controlling them Static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of elastic composite coatings, as well as new techniques and devices developed for their measurement Combined methods of flow control and drag reduction, including the effect of injection of polymer solutions, elastic coatings and generated longitudinal vortical structures on hydrodynamic resistance Intended as a reference for senior engineers and researchers concerned with the drag reduction and the dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flows, Boundary Layer Flow over Elastic Surfaces provides a unique source of information on compliant surface drag reduction and the experimental techniques around it that have shown measurable and repeatable improvements over recent years.
The book presents invited reviews and original short notes with recent results obtained in fabrication study and application of nanostructures, which are promising for new generations of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Recent developments in nanotechnology, nanoelectronics, spintronics, nanophotonics, nanosensorics and nanobiology are presented.
This volume presents a complete and self-contained description of new results in the theory of manifolds of nonpositive curvature. It is based on lectures delivered by M. Gromov at the Collège de France in Paris. Therefore this book may also serve as an introduction to the subject of nonpositively curved manifolds. The latest progress in this area is reflected in the article of W. Ballmann describing the structure of manifolds of higher rank.
The results of experimental studies of the structure, phase composition, defective substructure and mechanisms of hardening of bainitic constructional steels are presented. The main method of investigation was the method of modern physical material science - translucent electron diffraction microscopy of thin foils. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of carbon redistribution, the evolution of carbide and defect subsystems under deformation by uniaxial compression.The book is intended for scientific and engineering workers of research and scientific institutes, factory laboratories specializing in the fields of condensed state physics, metal science and thermal processing of metals and alloys, and can be useful to teachers, graduate students and university students of relevant specialties.
Surface Structure Modification and Hardening of Al-SI Alloys explores the hardening of material surfaces using concentrated energy flows resulting in the nanostructuring of surface layers. The authors demonstrate how these methods achieve a reduction in plastic deformation of the surface and a more uniform distribution of elastic stresses near the surface during operational use, significantly reducing part failure. It presents results from research and scientific and technological enterprises involved with the modification of light alloy surfaces for use in the automobile and aerospace industries. Additional key features include: Addresses theoretical and experimental research computer simulations of structural phase transformations at the nanolevel to create new materials Details and compares electroexplosion alloying, electron beam processing and electron-plasma alloying of an Al-Si Alloy Explains multiphase plasma jet treatment to obtain high-quality coatings with good and high functional properties This reference is a valuable resource for specialists in the field of physical material science, condensed state physics, metal science and thermal treatment and will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students in these fields.
Asymptotic geometry is the study of metric spaces from a large scale point of view, where the local geometry does not come into play. An important class of model spaces are the hyperbolic spaces (in the sense of Gromov), for which the asymptotic geometry is nicely encoded in the boundary at infinity. In the first part of this book, in analogy with the concepts of classical hyperbolic geometry, the authors provide a systematic account of the basic theory of Gromov hyperbolic spaces. These spaces have been studied extensively in the last twenty years and have found applications in group theory, geometric topology, Kleinian groups, as well as dynamics and rigidity theory. In the second part of the book, various aspects of the asymptotic geometry of arbitrary metric spaces are considered. It turns out that the boundary at infinity approach is not appropriate in the general case, but dimension theory proves useful for finding interesting results and applications. The text leads concisely to some central aspects of the theory. Each chapter concludes with a separate section containing supplementary results and bibliographical notes. Here the theory is also illustrated with numerous examples as well as relations to the neighboring fields of comparison geometry and geometric group theory. The book is based on lectures the authors presented at the Steklov Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Zurich.
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