How is the internet transforming the relationships between citizens and states? What happens to politics when international migration is coupled with digital media, making it easy for people to be politically active in a nation from outside its borders? In Nation as Network, Victoria Bernal creatively combines media studies, ethnography, and African studies to explore this new political paradigm through a striking analysis of how Eritreans in diaspora have used the internet to shape the course of Eritrean history. Bernal argues that Benedict Anderson’s famous concept of nations as “imagined communities” must now be rethought because diasporas and information technologies have transformed the ways nations are sustained and challenged. She traces the development of Eritrean diaspora websites over two turbulent decades that saw the Eritrean state grow ever more tyrannical. Through Eritreans’ own words in posts and debates, she reveals how new subjectivities are formed and political action is galvanized online. She suggests that “infopolitics”—struggles over the management of information—make politics in the 21st century distinct, and she analyzes the innovative ways Eritreans deploy the internet to support and subvert state power. Nation as Network is a unique and compelling work that advances our understanding of the political significance of digital media.
The United Nations has called violence against women "the most pervasive, yet least recognized human rights abuse in the world" and there is a long-established history of the systematic victimization of women by the state during times of peace and conflict. This book contributes to the established literature on women, gender and crime and the growing research on state crime and extends the discussion of violence against women to include the role and extent of crime and violence perpetrated by the state. State Crime, Women and Gender examines state-perpetrated violence against women in all its various forms. Drawing on case studies from around the world, patterns of state-perpetrated violence are examined as it relates to women’s victimization, their role as perpetrators, resistors of state violence, as well as their engagement as professionals in the international criminal justice system. From the direct involvement of Condaleeza Rice in the United States-led war on terror, to the women of Egypt’s Arab Spring Uprising, to Afghani poetry as a means to resist state-sanctioned patriarchal control, case examples are used to highlight the pervasive and enduring problem of state-perpetrated violence against women. The exploration of topics that have not previously been addressed in the criminological literature, such as women as perpetrators of state violence and their role as willing consumers who reinforce and replicate the existing state-sanctioned patriarchal status quo, makes State Crime, Women and Gender a must-read for students and scholars engaged in the study of state crime, victimology and feminist criminology.
The Paris Framework for Climate Change Capacity Building pioneers a new era of climate change governance, performing the foundational job of clarifying what is meant by the often ad-hoc, one-off, uncoordinated, ineffective and unsustainable practices of the past decade described as 'capacity building' to address climate change. As an alternative, this book presents a framework on how to build effective and sustainable capacity systems to meaningfully tackle this long-term problem. Such a reframing of capacity building itself requires means of implementation. The authors combine their decades-long experiences in climate negotiations, developing climate solutions, climate activism and peer-reviewed research to chart a realistic roadmap for the implementation of this alternative framework for capacity building. As a result, this book convincingly makes the case that universities, as the highest and sustainable seats of learning and research in the developing countries, should be the central hub of capacity building there. This will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and policy-makers in the areas of climate change and environmental studies.
To date, the mainstream literature on Mexican politics has said little about women, even though their participation as formal political actors has increased dramatically in the past fifteen years. Somewhat surprisingly, the political participation of women, although well documented in other Latin American countries, has been neglected in the case
Since the inception of Western development assistance, significant changes in the makeup of donors, recipients, development goals, and strategies have taken place. However, major donor institutions have not yet weighed the impact of these changes on their operations and objectives in anticipation of the future global environment. Discussing trends that will profoundly affect development assistance strategy, the authors raise such questions as: Will the demand for Western technical assistance drop sharply over the next decade? Was the Latin American debt crisis precipitated by the loan practices of international commercial banks? Should aid to Africa be shifted from investment in rural desert areas to investment in urban planning and infrastructure? Also examined are such concerns as the outside management of agricultural research; the U.S. focus on purchasing political allegiance with its aid programs, thus creating dependent nations; the threat to East Asian economic growth posed by the micro-electronics revolution; and the growing conflict between western aid and trade objectives. The authors' purpose is not to provide definitive prescriptions for future development programs, but rather to focus the attention of policymakers on important, but often neglected, issues.
The book describes the difficulties of the current international corporate income tax system. It starts by describing its origins and how changes, such as the development of multinational enterprises and digitalization have created fundamental problems, not foreseen at its inception. These include tax competition—as governments try to attract tax bases through low tax rates or incentives, and profit shifting, as companies avoid tax by reporting profits in jurisdictions with lower tax rates. The book then discusses solutions, including both evolutionary changes to the current system and fundamental reform options. It covers both reform efforts already under way, for example under the Inclusive Framework at the OECD, and potential radical reform ideas developed by academics.
Without a doubt, the institution of the presidency today is quite different from the one that existed throughout the early part of the nation’s history, despite only minimal revisions to its formal constitutional structure. The processes by which the institution of the presidency has developed have remained largely unexamined, however. Victoria A. Farrar-Myers offers a carefully crafted argument about how changes in presidential authority transform the institution. Her analysis tracks interactions between the president and Congress during the years 1881–1920 in three policy areas: the commitment of troops, the creation of administrative agencies, and the adoption of tariff policy. Farrar-Myers shows that Congress and the president have in fact “created a coordinated script that provides the basis of precedent for future interactions under similar circumstances.” Changes in presidential authority, she argues, “are the residual of everyday actions,” which create new shared understandings of expected behavior. As these understandings are reinforced over time, they become interwoven into the institution of the presidency itself. Farrar-Myers’s analysis will offer theoretical guidance for political scientists’ understanding of the development of presidential authority and the processes that drive the institutionalization of the presidency, and will provide historians with a nuanced understanding of the institution from the period between the end of Reconstruction and the Progressive era.
The book looks at the corporate management system and how it affects company performance. The main theme revolves around the notion that when a company values its workers and their satisfaction, that company can achieve success. The book is unique in its quantitative perspective and analysis and examines whether a corporate management system can be regarded as a source of a firm's competitive advantage by creating a sustainable competitive advantage and firm performance. The book examines how, in the context of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs), corporate management can be part of an MNC's strategy in enhancing its capabilities, both in the home and abroad, in Japan and in Thailand. Also, it analyses the reason for the demise of two major Indian companies, Dunlop and Hindustan Motors in terms of their unsympathetic management systems.
“Ethics – The State – The Person” is a work in which Dr. Artur Victoria surprises the public with his unique capacity for pragmatic analysis of the major issues facing humanity in a globalised world where there is a constant and rapid change in the complex challenges posed by persistent political, economic, social, environmental and security uncertainties. In this context, it becomes imperative to reflect on the paths to follow in the search for peace and sustainable progress on a global scale. This work is written with exceptional quality and remarkable scientific rigour. These factors, together with the high esteem, friendship and consideration I have for Dr. Artur Victoria, were more than enough reasons to prompt me to accept to preface his new book. Artur Victoria is, without a doubt, a relevant figure in our society, with an academic background of excellence and a vast professional experience. The functions performed within the scope of the legal profession, as well as the positions of organizational leadership and institutional coordination he has held, in national and international non-governmental institutions, associated with the constant research and scientific production developed throughout his life, credit him as an eminent thinker and a reference in ethical, geopolitical, governmental and security issues. In fact, his thinking and critical capacity are clearly evident in this book, which opens doors for reflection by all those interested in the most pressing questions facing the future of humanity, from the philosophical, legal, economic, political, social and environmental fields. To give the reader the context of the problem it sets out to address, Arthur Victoria refers his narrative to the Treaty of Westphalia, as the moment that was at the origin of International Law and the balance of power between sovereign nations, as we know them today. If, on the one hand, this event opened the doors to the Enlightenment, to rapid scientific advance and to liberal democracies, on the other hand, it was the harbinger of the end of empires, which culminated with the First World War, and of the emergence of totalitarian regimes that, in a generalised way, characterised Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the most striking conflict in the history of humanity, the Second World War. More than 70 years after the end of this conflict, which gave rise to the United Nations Organization and whose inspiring principles, in the words of one of the most prominent Portuguese thinkers of our time – Professor Adriano Moreira – are “One Single World” and “Earth,the common home of Mankind”, the challenges to world governance and peace remain and are rapidly changing. Despite the efforts made by the international community and the scientific and technological advances that recent years have brought us, we have not witnessed a proportional evolution in the quality of life of the world’s populations across the board. These factors necessarily lead us to consider that the concepts defending equal rights and human dignity, which should be at the heart of all national and international policies, are not valid if they are nothing more than theories proclaimed only by activists, without concerted intervention and mobilization by States. In this context, and also taking into consideration the two most recent events that have transformed societies and their way of life, referring of course to the COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict that has been raging in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, I am pleased to highlight the relevance of the topic addressed and the importance and depth of the author’s impartial and objective, through, throughout the text, which he divides into three fundamental parts – the State, the individual, and the environment – presenting, as a connecting thread, the elements of ethics and morality, which he considers to be the basis for resolving the major issues of public interest, in an increasingly dynamic, complex and unstable world. As Yuval Noah Harari states in his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: “A global world puts unprecedented pressure on our personal conduct and morality”. It is in this line of thought that the author begins by addressing the central role of the State in making decisions about what to do in the light of the great challenges of the 21st century, quickly changing the widespread habit of not defining future goals and not planning the necessary policies to achieve them. Within this framework, Artur Victoria discusses the main functions and responsibilities of the State and the importance of ethics for the public interest, corporations, the legal system and democracies. He also addresses the need for State reform with a view to a new model of community coexistence, the paradigm of national defence and security, and information systems. In the chapter dedicated to the Person, Artur Victoria invites the reader to reflect on the ethics and morals that should govern every member of a changing society. For this, he considers it necessary a deep meditation process, in an intellectual exercise of balance between the definition of the ambitions and goals of each one, in order to find an answer to the question “(...) how should I live my life? (...)”. The answers found must necessarily be compatible with those which overlap them, this is, those of society and the organisations to which each one belongs. However, the author takes this exercise of reflection further, addressing the need for the establishment of ethical and moral codes by governmental and non-governmental organisations, as an integral part of society. The analysis of such a deep and complex theme would not be complete without an adequate approach to the biggest problem facing the sustainable survival of humanity in the medium and long term. It is in this context that Artur Victoria reflects on the environment and on the problem of climate change resulting from mankind’s exploitation of natural resources, associated with the exponential growth of the world’s population since the beginning of the 19th century. The reader is also invited to meditate on the paradigm of behavioural change and environmental awareness, as well as on alternative strategies to be outlined for an economically and financially sustainable development, based on the maintenance of social and cultural values of the different populations, with scientific research and technological development playing an absolutely key role in the necessary advances towards an intelligent sustainability on a planetary scale. I conclude with the conviction that, in a world that is increasingly uncertain and full of irrelevant information, and in which ethics is often forgotten by governments and organisations, causing States and individuals to behave in deviant ways, reason gives us the power to better define the direction to follow in the search for a more prosperous, egalitarian, safe and sustainable future for humanity. This book by Artur Victoria certainly contributes to that goal, providing the reader with a clear vision of the issues that must be analysed and reflected upon, in the certainty that the approach to ethics applied to the State and to the person is the key we need to foster the hope necessary for the perpetuation of our civilisation as we know it. As Professor Adriano Moreira said, it is imperative not to allow the “creed of interests” to override the “creed of values”. * Admiral António Silva Ribeiro held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Portugal from March 1, 2018. Previously, as a General officer, he served as Chief of Staff of the Navy and National Maritime Authority, General Director of the Maritime Authority and General Commander of the Maritime Police, Superintendent of Material, General Director of the Hydrographical Institute, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy, Secretary of the Admiralty Council and Member of the Consultative Committee for Search and Rescue. In addition to his military career, he is an academic with specialization in Strategy and Political Science and History. The Admiral teaches and supervises research at Universities and Research Centres. He published hundreds of articles/essays in national and foreign newspapers and magazines and he is a regular speaker at conferences about Military and Political Affairs, International Relations and Strategy. As an Academic he is a visiting Professor of Strategy at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas and a military teacher at the Naval School. He holds the title of Professor at the Higher Institute of Information and Administration Sciences. He is also a specialist in maritime and military strategy, international politics, military sociology, military and maritime history and hydrography history. Admiral António Silva Ribeiro is the author of several books, three of which published abroad.
This comprehensive, state-of-the-art textbook and reference volume in family gerontology reviews and critiques the recent theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature; identifies future research directions; and makes recommendations for gerontology professionals. This book is both an updated version of and a complement to the original Handbook of Families and Aging. The many additions include the most recent demographic changes on aging families, new theoretical formulations, innovative research methods, recent legal issues, and death and bereavement, as well as new material on the relationships themselves—sibling, partnered, and intergenerational relationships, for example. Among the brand-new topics in this edition are step-family relationships, aging families and immigration, aging families and 21st-century technology, and peripheral family ties. Unlike the more cursory summaries found in textbooks, the essays within Handbook of Families and Aging, Second Edition provide thoughtful, in-depth coverage of each topic. No other book provides such a comprehensive and timely overview of theory and research on family relationships, the contexts of family life, and major turning points in late-life families. Nevertheless, the contents are written to be engaging and accessible to a broad audience, including advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, researchers, and gerontology practitioners. Serious lay readers will also find this book highly informative about contemporary family issues.
Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning illegal mass consumption in the 1960s and 1970s has given rise to a global market for heroin and other opiates of nearly 16 million users. The production and trafficking of opiates have caused crime, disease, and social distress throughout the world, leading many nations to invest billions of dollars trying to suppress the industry. The failure of their efforts has become a central policy concern. Can the world heroin supply actually be cut, and with what consequences?The result of a five-year-long research project involving extensive fieldwork in six Asian countries, Colombia, and Turkey, this book is the first systematic analysis of the contemporary world heroin market, delving into its development and structure, its participants, and its socio-economic impact. It provides a sound and comprehensive empirical base for concluding that there is little opportunity to shrink the global supply of heroin in the long term, and explains why production is concentrated in a handful of countries--and is likely to remain that way. On the basis of these findings, the authors identify a key set of policy opportunities, largely local, and make suggestions for leveraging them. This book also offers new insights into market conditions in India, Tajikistan, and other countries that have been greatly harmed by the production and trafficking of illegal opiates.A deft integration of economics, sociology, history, and policy analysis, The World Heroin Market provides a rigorous and vital look into the complex--and resilient--global heroin trade.
An illustrated, essential guide to engaging children and youth in the process of urban design From a history of children’s rights to case studies discussing international initiatives that aim to create child-friendly cities, Placemaking with Children and Youth offers comprehensive guidance in how to engage children and youth in the planning and design of local environments. It explains the importance of children’s active participation in their societies and presents ways to bring all generations together to plan cities with a high quality of life for people of all ages. Not only does it delineate best practices in establishing programs and partnerships, it also provides principles for working ethically with children, youth, and families, paying particular attention to the inclusion of marginalized populations. Drawing on case studies from around the world—in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, Puerto Rico, the Netherlands, South Africa, and the United States—Placemaking with Children and Youth showcases children’s global participation in community design and illustrates how a variety of methods can be combined in initiatives to achieve meaningful change. The book features more than 200 visuals and detailed, thoughtful guidelines for facilitating a multiplicity of participatory processes that include drawing, photography, interviews, surveys, discussion groups, role playing, mapping, murals, model making, city tours, and much more. Whether seeking information on individual methods and project planning, interpreting and analyzing results, or establishing and evaluating a sustained program, readers can find practical ideas and inspiration from six continents to connect learning to the realities of students’ lives and to create better cities for all ages.
The second edition of this user-friendly text for students taking introductory courses in politics builds on the success of the first edition. It provides completely updated and stimulating coverage of topics essential to the understanding of contemporary politics. Ideal for students taking combined degrees at introductory level in politics and the social sciences, it emphasises the individual and social dimension of politics and covers theories and concepts in an accessible way. New features in the second edition include: * new examples drawn from Western democracies and other political systems * expanded sections on nationalism, religion, alternative politics, globalisation and ethnic conflict * updated examples from the most contemporary political events * biographies of key political thinkers and figures.
The Historiography of Genocide is an indispensable guide to the development of the emerging discipline of genocide studies and the only available assessment of the historical literature pertaining to genocides.
Explains the key concepts, theories, and studies in the sociology of the arts—the fully updated new edition of the classic textbook Sociology of the Arts is a comprehensive yet accessible review of sociological approaches to studying the fine, popular, and folk arts. Integrating scholarly literature, theoretical models, and empirical studies, this authoritative textbook provides balanced coverage of a broad range of essential topics—enabling a deeper understanding of the field as a whole. Throughout the text, numerous real-world case studies reinforce key concepts, stimulate classroom discussion, and encourage students to contemplate abstract theoretical issues central to the relationship between art and society. Now in its second edition, this bestselling volume features fully revised content that reflects the most recent literature and research in the field. New discussion on the production and the consumption of culture are complemented by fresh perspectives on changes in the social world such as the rise of the internet and digital media. Updated chapters offer insights into social boundaries and embodiment in the arts, emplacement, materiality, the social construction of art and aesthetics, and more. Exploring how art is created, distributed, received, and consumed, this textbook: Explores both classic work and new approaches in the sociology of the arts Features case studies and discussion questions on art forms including popular music, film, romance novels, visual arts, and classical music Discusses the meaning of artistic objects and why interpretations of art vary Examines the ways art intersects with race, gender, sexuality, and class Includes photographs, tables and figures, and a comprehensive reference list Written by a leading scholar in the field, Sociology of the Arts: Exploring Fine and Popular Forms, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on sociology of art and culture, media studies, anthropology of art, arts management, and the social history of art, and is a useful reference for established scholars studying any aspect of sociology of the arts.
At the 1964 annual meeting of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in Panama, Felipe Herrera, then the President of the institution, argued that Cour institution must continue to demonstrate that, being a bank, it is also more than a bank. What is this institution that had the backing of both Latin American countries and the United States, and that since Herrera many have claimed it is more than a bank? And how did it come into existence?
A new series of full-coverage resources developed for the AQA 2016 A/AS Level Geography specification. This full-colour Student Book covers all core and optional units for the AQA AS and A Level Geography specification for first teaching from September 2016. Students are encouraged to develop links between physical and human topics, understand systems, processes, and acquire geographical skills. Helping to bridge the gap from GCSE to A Level, it also provides support for fieldwork skills and for the geographical investigation at A Level. A 'Maths for geographers' feature helps students develop and apply their mathematical and statistical skills, and a range of assessment-style questions support students in developing their exam skills.
This volume explores the difficulties that beset African women and inhibit them from excelling in many walks of life in the twenty-first century. Asymmetrical relations in society position women in subjugated and marginalized roles. This is caused by customary practices that have left women in vulnerable and subsidiary positions, as well as statutory provisions that fester this process. Despite its richness in raw materials and minerals, Africa remains slow to grow when compared to other continents. The economies of most African countries is severely anemic: corruption is rife, poor governance is systemic, and wars, conflicts, famine and diseases abound. Stalled economies disproportionately affects women; for example, as nurturers, women have the extra responsibility of taking care of children and members of the extended family. In times of want, women are more likely to give up the little they have so that their children and others may survive. This book shows the various social and legal obstacles that stall women’s upward mobility and offers recommendations on how these issues can be resolved.
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica} ‘The End of the Global’ features a collection of papers presented at the first ‘DEN International Student Conference’ in 2017. This publication is one of many projects that the Democratic Education Network (DEN) has been responsible for since its launch in 2016, within the department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. In addition to supporting various other initiatives, DEN encourages and inspires students to research, get involved in student-led workshops, and publish magazines and journals. It hopes to increase our knowledge about how to open up deliberative and empowering spaces for students, and how to maximise the impact of their projects on other students’ experience. This book is a result of eclectic ideas and hard work put in by many students, and covers the views of student authors on various economic, political and social crises that shape our world today. We hope that we have taken an important step in achieving the aims of DEN through encouraging students to believe in themselves and push the boundaries of imagination and possibility. “Education should not only be about knowledge gathering, skills enhancement and degree acquisition, but be a transformative life experience. If students go away with more condence, more humility, and better equipped to deal with the various challenges and opportunities that the world around them oers, we would have succeeded as educationists.” Prof. Dibyesh Anand Head of the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster “This book is produced by some of the students active in the ‘Democratic Education Network’. It is essentially a collective work of the former and present students in the department to learn and explore their own world independently.” Dr. Farhang Morady Academic Coordinator of DEN, University of Westminster
Assessing the Harms of Crime provides a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm's place in legal history, theory, criminology, and related fields and by considering the relevance of harm and its reduction for both criminal policy and the governance of security, the book demonstrates the centrality of harm, including its reduction, to crime, policy, and governance. It also highlights a substantial gap in methods available to the policy community to take on harm and the challenges of developing them. Working to fill that gap, the book presents the authors' "Harm Assessment Framework," consisting of tools and a process to identify, evaluate, and rank harms and to carefully distinguish between harms that result directly from activities and those that are remote or driven at least partially by policy. The book also presents applications to complex crimes, primarily involving coca and cocaine, that show the framework's value with new, actionable insight to harm and policy. On this basis, the book argues that criminology would benefit from expanding its mission to include harm and target harm reduction and from positioning harm assessment as a core task. Lastly, it posits that systematic, empirical harm-based policy analysis can contribute positively to decisions about criminal policy and the governance of security and to advancing justice.
Winner of the 2018 British Society of Criminology Book Prize Britain is often heralded as a country in which the rights and welfare of survivors of conflict and persecution are well embedded, and where the standard of living conditions for those seeking asylum is relatively high. Drawing on a decade of activism and research in the North West of England, this book contends that, on the contrary, conditions are often structurally violent. For survivors of gendered violence, harm inflicted throughout the process of seeking asylum can be intersectional and compound the impacts of previous experiences of violent continuums. The everyday threat of detention and deportation; poor housing and inadequate welfare access; and systemic cuts to domestic and sexual violence support all contribute to a temporal limbo which limits women’s personal autonomy and access to basic human rights. By reflecting on evidence from interviews, focus groups, activist participation and oral history, Gendered Harm and Structural Violence provides a unique insight into the everyday impacts of policy and practice that arguably result in the infliction of further gendered harms on survivors of violence and persecution. Of interest to students and scholars of criminology, zemiology, sociology, human rights, migration policy, state violence and gender, this book develops on and adds to the expanding literatures around immigration, crimmigration and asylum.
The Moon’s Galactic History: A Look at the Moon’s Extraterrestrial Past and Its Connection to Earth, follows the past and present research about the Moon’s strange, enigmatic history, with a focus on an extraterrestrial presence. The book examines such questions as, “Are there Moon inhabitants?” “Are the UFOs seen today connected to the Moon?” “Is there a city on the Moon?” and more. Additionally, Briggs discusses thing observed on the Moon, including anomalous strange lights, unidentified flying objects, odd constructions, artifacts, symbols and more. This book examines new thoughts and ideas from researchers and what their ideas are today about the extraterrestrial, Moon-Earth connection, and what it means for us. With all the information on unidentified flying objects in the news today, it is time to have an updated book with current research that investigates both the past and present material on the Moon. Did you know that: Several of the NASA astronauts reported seeing UFOs while traveling to the Moon?; the Moon might be hollow?; Apollo 10 astronauts heard strange “space music” when traveling on the far side of the Moon?; mysterious anomalous activity has been seen on the Moon for centuries?; there are said to be ruins of structures on the Moon?; and more.
No other reference provides such a comprehensive and timely overview of theory and research on family relationships, the contexts of family life, and major turning points in late-life families. It includes many suggestions for theoretical and practical applications for future research on a score of important topics. This multidisciplinary survey is an invaluable library reference and teaching resource intended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, and practitioners — for gerontologists, family scholars, psychologists, sociologists, historians, social workers, health-care providers, and policy makers.
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