The emergence of the city marks the beginning of a civilisation. The city, especially the leading cities of a country, is also where the major features of a country are contained and where historical events play out. This book introduces readers to the progress of China's civilisation over more than 5000 years of history, through the rise and development of its cities.From the prehistoric Yangshuo and Longshan periods all the way to the People's Republic, this book outlines major events and developments to highlight the evolution of the Chinese civilisation. Using historical dynasties and urban dynamics as vertical dimensions, it examines major historical events, economic developments, territorial changes, and other developments over China's long history. It also discusses the uniqueness of China's history and compares its civilisations to Western experiences.
Ch. 1. Introducing the Chinese case : its origin and stages of development -- ch. 2. From village to proto-urban settlements of late Yangshao period -- ch. 3. Longshan city-states -- ch. 4. Urbanism in the early bronze age state of the Xia -- ch. 5. Shang urbanism at the climax of bronze metallurgy -- ch. 6. From feudalism to commercial-industrial cities : Zhou dynasty and the Warring States -- ch. 7. The administrative city of Qin and Han -- ch. 8. Tang : golden age of the Confucian model -- ch. 9. Song renaissance and the new urbanity -- ch. 10. Ming dynasty : urban reconstruction and resurgence after the Yuan dynasty -- ch. 11. Qing urbanization : from neo-Confucian orthodoxy to semi-colonialism -- ch. 12. People's republic : the unsettled socialist approach -- ch. 13. Message from Chinese urbanism
June 12-14, 1995, San Francisco The first international conference on multiagent systems is organized as a joint effort of the North American Distributed Artificial Intelligence community, the Japanese Multiagent and Cooperative Computing community, and the European Modeling Autonomous Agents in a Multiagent World community, with support from AAAI and sanctioned by ECCAI. The Proceedings cover a broad spectrum of perspectives including artificial life, communications issues, and negotiation strategies. Topics cover: * Agent Architectures * Artificial Life (from a multiagent perspective) * Believable Agents * Cooperation, Coordination, and Conflict * Communcation Issues * Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations of Multiagent Systems * Development and Engineering Methodologies * Distributed Artificial Intelligence * Distributed Consensus and Algorithms for Multiagent Interaction * Distributed Search * Evaluation of Multiagent Systems * Integrated Testbeds and Development Environments * Intelligent Agents in Enterprise Integration Systems and Similar Types of Applications * Learning and Adaptation in Multiagent Systems * Multiagent Cooperative Reasoning from Distributed Heterogeneous Databases * Multiagent Planning and Planning for Multiagent Worlds * Negotiation Strategies (in both competitive and cooperative situations) * Organization, Organizational Knowledge, and Organization Self-Design * Practical Applications of Multiagent Systems (enterprises, robotics, sensing, manufacturing) * Resource Allocation in Multiagent Systems * Social Structures and their Signfiicance in Multiagent Systems * User Interface Issues for Multiagent Systems. Distributed for AAAI Press
The differences between the instrumental variable estimates and the within family and within community estimates suggested bias. Four basic conclusions were drawn. 1) Considerable bias occurred in prior studies, because there was a failure to account for estimation problems. 2) Inclusion of instrumental variables, assumed to be independent of the disturbance term in the cognitive achievement production function, and without controls for simultaneity, suggested a downward bias. 3) The bias was upward when estimates with sibling data were accounted for. Unobserved family and community effects can cause upward biases. 4) Coefficients, which are supposed to represent the impact of child health on schooling, may not do so.
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