The flow of money to national, regional, and local Soviet communist party organizations, the manner in which money was collected, and how their financial discipline was enforced all yield deep insights into the party’s role in the Soviet institutional design. Funding Loyalty examines the Soviet communist party's financial operations and its budget from the 1930s through 1960s, providing a fresh look at the evolution of the party and its role in the Soviet economy and society as a whole.
Until now, there has been little scholarly analysis of the Soviet Gulag as an economic, social, and political institution, primarily owing to a lack of data. This collection presents the results of years of research by Western and Russian scholars. The authors provide both broad overviews and specific case studies.
The flow of money to national, regional, and local Soviet communist party organizations, the manner in which money was collected, and how their financial discipline was enforced all yield deep insights into the party’s role in the Soviet institutional design. Funding Loyalty examines the Soviet communist party's financial operations and its budget from the 1930s through 1960s, providing a fresh look at the evolution of the party and its role in the Soviet economy and society as a whole.
How can researchers obtain reliable responses on sensitive issues in dangerous settings? This Element elucidates ways for researchers to use unobtrusive experimental methods to elicit answers to risky, taboo, and threatening questions in dangerous social environments. The methods discussed in this Element help social scientists to encourage respondents to express their true preferences and to reduce bias, while protecting them, local survey organizations, and researchers. The Element is grounded in an original study of civilian support for the jihadi insurgency in the Russian North Caucasus in Dagestan that assesses theories about wartime attitudes toward militant groups. We argue that sticky identities, security threats, and economic dependence curb the ability of civilians to switch loyalties.
Shallow water acoustics (SWA), the study of how low and medium frequency sound propagates and scatters on the continental shelves of the worlds oceans, has both technical interest and a large number of practical applications. Technically, shallow water poses an interesting medium for the study of acoustic scattering, inverse theory, and propagation physics in a complicated oceanic waveguide. Practically, shallow water acoustics has interest for geophysical exploration, marine mammal studies, and naval applications. Additionally, one notes the very interdisciplinary nature of shallow water acoustics, including acoustical physics, physical oceanography, marine geology, and marine biology. In this specialized volume the authors, all of whom have extensive at-sea experience in US and Russian research efforts, have tried to summarize the main experimental, theoretical, and computational results in shallow water acoustics, with an emphasis on providing physical insight into the topics presented.
Metrology is the science of measurements. As such, it deals with the problem of obtaining knowledge of physical reality through its quantifiable properties. The problems of measurement and of measurement accuracy are central to all natural and technical sciences. Now in its second edition, this monograph conveys the fundamental theory of measurement and provides some algorithms for result testing and validation.
Valery Tishkov is a well-known Russian historian and anthropologist, and former Minister of Nationalities in Yeltsin's government. This book draws on his inside knowledge of major events and extensive primary research. Tishkov argues that ethnicity has a multifaceted role: it is the most accessible basis for political mobilization; a means of controlling power and resources in a transforming society; and therapy for the great trauma suffered by individuals and groups under previous regimes. This complexity helps explain the contradictory nature and outcomes of public ethnic policies based on a doctrine of ethno-nationalism.
This work deals with the matrix methods of continuous signal and image processing according to which strip-transformation is used. The authors suggest ways to solve a problem of evaluating potential noise immunity and synthesis of an optimal filter for the case of pulse noises, of applying the two-dimensional strip-transformation for storage and noise immune transmission of images. The strip-transformation of images is illustrated by examples and classes of images invariant relative to symmetrical orthogonal transformations. The monograph is intended for scientists and specialists whose activities are connected with computer signals and images processing, instrumentation and metrology. It can also be used by undergraduates, as well as by post-graduates for studying computer methods of signal and image processing.
This book describes the role of advanced neuroimaging techniques in characterizing the changes in tissue structure in patients with brain metastases. On a large number of newly recognized CT, MRI, and PET characteristics of brain metastases from different primary tumors are highlighted, thereby elucidating the potential differential diagnostic role of CT perfusion imaging, MR spectroscopy, MR diffusion-weighted imaging, MR susceptibility-weighted imaging, and PET with different radiopharmaceuticals. For example, the different manifestations of metastases of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and ovarian cancer on MRI and CT perfusion imaging are described, and the role of MR susceptibility-weighted imaging in the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme and metastatic tumors is clarified. Metastases of colon cancer have shown a special manifestation on T2 weighted images. The book also presents novel findings regarding pathogenesis and tumor biology and describes qualitative and quantitative changes in tumor tissue and alterations in brain white matter due to surrounding tumor growth. Neuroradiologists and others, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and nuclear medicine physicians, will find that this book offers a fascinating insight into the ways in which newly available data on structural, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes are enriching the neuroimaging of brain metastases.
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