Scientific Study from the year 2013 in the subject Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology, grade: A, Nirma University (Institute of Science), course: Microbiology, language: English, abstract: Extracts of Emblica officinalis seeds prepared by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method were evaluated for their antimicrobial property against planktonic form of certain human/plant pathogenic microbes. Additionally, seed extracts of E. officinalis, Tamarindus indica, Manilkara zapota, Phoenix sylvestris, Syzygium cumini, and selected phytocompounds were tested against multi-drug resistant Streptococcus mutans (a major pathogen associated with human dental caries) in its planktonic as well as biofilm form. Ability of these extracts to eradicate and kill S. mutans biofilm was investigated. E. officinalis extracts exerted bactericidal action against S. mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Acetone extract of S. cumini, and curcumin were able to inhibit S. mutans at appreciably low concentrations of 50 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL respectively. T. indica and S. cumini seed extracts were able to kill ≥ 80% cells of S. mutans in biofilm, in the concentration range of 500-1000 μg/mL. These extracts were able to achieve ≥ 95% killing of S. mutans biofilm at concentrations ranging from 600-2000 μg/mL. Ability of the potent extracts to kill S. mutans biofilm did not seem to be much dependent on eradication of the biofilm. Extraction efficiency was found to have a good correlation with antibacterial activity.
Water is useful for life activities of human beings. It is used for various purposes like drinking, irrigation, transport, sanitation, power generation and industries. Water is the most important and essential abiotic factor of all kinds of ecosystem and it also forms the habitat for enormous varieties of organisms. In other words, water forms the largest ecosystem, that is aquatic ecosystem of the biosphere. Global water is broadly classified into two classes viz fresh water and salt water. Fresh water present in lentic and lotic form. The rise and fall in chemical and physical factors of water bodies frequently affect the flora & fauna, alternating their number and diversity. About 97% of earths water is ocean water. It is saline and not useful for drinking and irrigation. Rest of 02% is in the form of ice at Polar Regions.
Water is indeed a wonderful universal solvent. It has unique parameter of dissolving and carrying in suspension a huge variety of chemicals. Thus water is the “elixir” of life. Modern civilization is dependent on water for irrigation, industry, domestic needs, shipping and of increasing importance for sanitation and disposal of waste. 75 percent of the surface of the earth is covered with salt water and fresh water. It is present in water bodies such as ocean, ponds, dams, lakes, streams, rivers, mountains with ice-caps etc. About 97 percent of earth’s water is found in ocean, 2 percent is frozen as ice in pole and remaining 1 percent is available to us in the form of fresh water in as rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and ground water.
Scientific Study from the year 2013 in the subject Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology, grade: A, Nirma University (Institute of Science), course: Microbiology, language: English, abstract: Extracts of Emblica officinalis seeds prepared by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method were evaluated for their antimicrobial property against planktonic form of certain human/plant pathogenic microbes. Additionally, seed extracts of E. officinalis, Tamarindus indica, Manilkara zapota, Phoenix sylvestris, Syzygium cumini, and selected phytocompounds were tested against multi-drug resistant Streptococcus mutans (a major pathogen associated with human dental caries) in its planktonic as well as biofilm form. Ability of these extracts to eradicate and kill S. mutans biofilm was investigated. E. officinalis extracts exerted bactericidal action against S. mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Acetone extract of S. cumini, and curcumin were able to inhibit S. mutans at appreciably low concentrations of 50 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL respectively. T. indica and S. cumini seed extracts were able to kill ≥ 80% cells of S. mutans in biofilm, in the concentration range of 500-1000 μg/mL. These extracts were able to achieve ≥ 95% killing of S. mutans biofilm at concentrations ranging from 600-2000 μg/mL. Ability of the potent extracts to kill S. mutans biofilm did not seem to be much dependent on eradication of the biofilm. Extraction efficiency was found to have a good correlation with antibacterial activity.
This book is on the theme of Economic Engagement of India and US. It is the most recent work on India-US relations as the book opens up with arrival of President Trump in the White House and then brings up back the developments in India-US relationship under President Obama. It is a detailed analysis of the challenges faced at every stage during the course of the economic engagement in this relationship and as to how both the countries came out of tricky situations all the time. The book delivers extensive information about the investment regime in both US and India. It includes case study of several leading Indian companies and their investment in US. The book is a must read as it provides a readymade compendium for Indo-US Policy and Decision makers, including scholars and students and the business communities both in India and US to gain a perspective on the economic engagement in our relationship.
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