In recent years, great progress has been made in the understandingof recombination processes controlling the number of excessfree carriers in semiconductors under nonequilibrium conditions. As a result, it is now possible to give a comprehensivetheoretical description of these processes. The authors haveselected a number of experimental results which elucidate theunderlying physical problems and enable a test of theoreticalmodels.The following topics are dealt with: phenomenological theory ofrecombination, theoretical models of shallow and deep localizedstates, cascade model of carrier capture by impurity centers,capture restricted by diffusion, multiphonon processes, Augerprocesses, effect of electric field on capture and thermalemission of carriers.
Interest in nonlinear problems in mechanics has been revived and intensified by the capacity of digital computers. Consequently, a question offundamental importance is the development of solution procedures which can be applied to a large class of problems. Nonlinear problems with a parameter constitute one such class. An important aspect of these problems is, as a rule, a question of the variation of the solution when the parameter is varied. Hence, the method of continuing the solution with respect to a parameter is a natural and, to a certain degree, universal tool for analysis. This book includes details of practical problems and the results of applying this method to a certain class of nonlinear problems in the field of deformable solid mechanics. In the Introduction, two forms of the method are presented, namely continu ous continuation, based on the integration of a Cauchy problem with respect to a parameter using explicit schemes, and discrete continuation, implementing step wise processes with respect to a parameter with the iterative improvement of the solution at each step. Difficulties which arise in continuing the solution in the neighbourhood of singular points are discussed and the problem of choosing the continuation parameter is formulated.
The fundamentals of methods in nuclear geophysics and their practical applications in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, agriculture and environmental science are discussed in this book. The methods and apparatus based on absorption and scattering of gamma and neutron radiation for determination of density and soil moisture in natural conditions are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. The theoretical fundamentals and installations of the penetration logging techniques where gamma, gamma-gamma and neutron logging in combination with static penetration form common complexes for engineering geology and hydrogeology exploration without boring holes are described. The developed constructions and practical use penetration logging installations for applications on land and marine shelves are described in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8. The physical fundamentals for the use of the natural stable and radioactive isotopes for study of the global hydrological cycle are provided. The experimental data, origin and distribution of cosmogenic and radiogenic isotopes in the oceans, atmospheric moisture, surface and underground waters are presented in Chapters 9, 10, and 11. The sources and conditions of the radioactive contamination of the natural waters are discussed in Chapters 12 and 13. This book will be of interest to scientists and researchers who use nuclear geophysics methods in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrogeoecology. Lecturers, students, and postgraduates in these subjects will also find it useful.
Mineral Nutrition of Animals reviews the research on the mineral nutrition of animals. This book explores the biological function and metabolism of minerals in the body, as well as mineral feeding of various species of farm animals. Topics range from water metabolism and mineral composition of feeds to the physiological role of macroelements such as calcium and potassium and microelements such as iron and copper. This text is comprised of 16 chapters; the first of which provides a historical overview of the science of mineral feeding of animals; mineral elements and their function in animal nutrition; and mineral feeding of animals under industrial conditions. The chapters that follow present general information on minerals, describe the link between biogeochemical regions and biochemical ecology, and analyze the factors affecting the mineral composition of animals' bodies. The reader is also introduced to water metabolism and the water requirements of animals; the metabolism of minerals absorbed into the digestive tract; and the kinetics of mineral metabolism in the blood, organs, and tissues. The next section is devoted to mineral feeding of various species of farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. This text concludes by looking at methods of controlling the adequacy of farm animals' mineral diet. This book will be of interest to students and practitioners in agriculture and food science.
Presents experimental and theoretical papers on the spectroscopy of excitons bound to isoelectronic impurities of the iron group transition metals. Particular attention is paid to the study of bound excitons by means of optical modulation methods especially the electroabsorption method.
In recent years, great progress has been made in the understandingof recombination processes controlling the number of excessfree carriers in semiconductors under nonequilibrium conditions. As a result, it is now possible to give a comprehensivetheoretical description of these processes. The authors haveselected a number of experimental results which elucidate theunderlying physical problems and enable a test of theoreticalmodels.The following topics are dealt with: phenomenological theory ofrecombination, theoretical models of shallow and deep localizedstates, cascade model of carrier capture by impurity centers,capture restricted by diffusion, multiphonon processes, Augerprocesses, effect of electric field on capture and thermalemission of carriers.
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