This problem book contains exercises for courses in differential equations and calculus of variations at universities and technical institutes. It is designed for non-mathematics students and also for scientists and practicing engineers who feel a need to refresh their knowledge. The book contains more than 260 examples and about 1400 problems to be solved by the students ? much of which have been composed by the authors themselves. Numerous references are given at the end of the book to furnish sources for detailed theoretical approaches, and expanded treatment of applications.
From a modelling point of view, it is more realistic to model a phenomenon by a dynamic system which incorporates both continuous and discrete times, namely, time as an arbitrary closed set of reals called time-scale or measure chain. It is therefore natural to ask whether it is possible to provide a framework which permits us to handle both dynamic systems simultaneously so that one can get some insight and a better understanding of the subtle differences of these two different systems. The answer is affirmative, and recently developed theory of dynamic systems on time scales offers the desired unified approach. In this monograph, we present the current state of development of the theory of dynamic systems on time scales from a qualitative point of view. It consists of four chapters. Chapter one develops systematically the necessary calculus of functions on time scales. In chapter two, we introduce dynamic systems on time scales and prove the basic properties of solutions of such dynamic systems. The theory of Lyapunov stability is discussed in chapter three in an appropriate setup. Chapter four is devoted to describing several different areas of investigations of dynamic systems on time scales which will provide an exciting prospect and impetus for further advances in this important area which is very new. Some important features of the monograph are as follows: It is the first book that is dedicated to a systematic development of the theory of dynamic systems on time scales which is of recent origin. It demonstrates the interplay of the two different theories, namely, the theory of continuous and discrete dynamic systems, when imbedded in one unified framework. It provides an impetus to investigate in the setup of time scales other important problems which might offer a better understanding of the intricacies of a unified study.£/LIST£ Audience: The readership of this book consists of applied mathematicians, engineering scientists, research workers in dynamic systems, chaotic theory and neural nets.
This problem book contains exercises for courses in differential equations and calculus of variations at universities and technical institutes. It is designed for non-mathematics students and also for scientists and practicing engineers who feel a need to refresh their knowledge. The book contains more than 260 examples and about 1400 problems to be solved by the students ? much of which have been composed by the authors themselves. Numerous references are given at the end of the book to furnish sources for detailed theoretical approaches, and expanded treatment of applications.
Considering integral transformations of Volterra type, F. Riesz and B. Sz.-Nagy no ticed in 1952 that [49]: "The existence of such a variety of linear transformations, having the same spectrum concentrated at a single point, brings out the difficulties of characterization of linear transformations of general type by means of their spectra." Subsequently, spectral analysis has been developed for different classes of non selfadjoint operators [6,7,14,20,21,36,44,46,54]. It was then realized that this analysis forms a natural basis for the theory of systems interacting with the environment. The success of this theory in the single operator case inspired attempts to create a general theory in the much more complicated case of several commuting operators with finite-dimensional imaginary parts. During the past 10-15 years such a theory has been developed, yielding fruitful connections with algebraic geometry and sys tem theory. Our purpose in this book is to formulate the basic problems appearing in this theory and to present its main results. It is worth noting that, in addition to the joint spectrum, the corresponding algebraic variety and its global topological characteristics play an important role in the classification of commuting operators. For the case of a pair of operators these are: 1. The corresponding algebraic curve, and especially its genus. 2. Certain classes of divisors - or certain line bundles - on this curve.
Covering numerous practical applications as yet not covered in any single source of information, this monograph discusses the importance of viscous and elastic properties for applications in both display and non-display technologies. The very well-known authors are major players in this field of research and pay special attention here to the use of liquid crystals in fiber optic devices as applied in telecommunication circuits.
The spaces of functions with derivatives in p, called the Sobolev spaces, play an important role in modern analysis. During the last decades, these spaces have been intensively studied and by now many problems associated with them have been solved. However, the theory of these function classes for domains with nonsmooth boundaries is still in an unsatisfactory state.In this book, which partially fills this gap, certain aspects of the theory of Sobolev spaces for domains with singularities are studied. We mainly focus on the so-called imbedding theorems, extension theorems and trace theorems that have numerous applications to partial differential equations. Some of such applications are given.Much attention is also paid to counter examples showing, in particular, the difference between Sobolev spaces of the first and higher orders. A considerable part of the monograph is devoted to Sobolev classes for parameter dependent domains and domains with cusps, which are the simplest non-Lipschitz domains frequently used in applications.This book will be interesting not only to specialists in analysis but also to postgraduate students.
This book gives an exposition of the principal concepts and results related to second order elliptic and parabolic equations for measures, the main examples of which are Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equations for stationary and transition probabilities of diffusion processes. Existence and uniqueness of solutions are studied along with existence and Sobolev regularity of their densities and upper and lower bounds for the latter. The target readership includes mathematicians and physicists whose research is related to diffusion processes as well as elliptic and parabolic equations.
In this the authors obtain an isoperimetric characterization of relatively hyperbolicity of a groups with respect to a collection of subgroups. This allows them to apply classical combinatorial methods related to van Kampen diagrams to obtain relative analogues of some well-known algebraic and geometric properties of ordinary hyperbolic groups. There is also an introduction and study of the notion of a relatively quasi-convex subgroup of a relatively hyperbolic group and solve somenatural algorithmic problems.
This monograph deals with the effects of reactant spatial correlations arising in the course of basic bimolecular reactions describing defect recombination, energy transfer and exciton annihilation in condensed matter. These effects lead to the kinetics considered abnormal from the standard chemical kinetics point of view. Numerous bimolecular reaction regimes and conditions are analysed in detail. Special attention is paid to the development and numerous applications of a novel, many-point density (MPD) formalism, which is based on Kirkwood's superposition approximation used for decoupling three-particle correlation functions. The book demonstrates that incorporation of the reaction-induced spatial correlations of similar reactants (e.g., vacancy-vacancy) leads to the development of an essentially non-Poisson spectrum of reactant density fluctuations. This can completely change the kinetics at longer times since it no longer obeys the law of mass action. The language of the correlation lengths and critical exponents similar to physics of critical phenomena is used instead. A relation between MPD theory and synergistics is discussed. The validity of the theorem giving a critical complexity for the two-step reactions exhibiting self-organization phenomena is questioned. Theoretical results are illustrated by numerous experimental data.
From the reviews: "... [Gabriel and Roiter] are pioneers in this subject and they have included proofs for statements which in their opinions are elementary, those which will help further understanding and those which are scarcely available elsewhere. They attempt to take us up to the point where we can find our way in the original literature. ..." --The Mathematical Gazette
Teichmuller modular groups, also known as mapping class groups of surfaces, serve as a meeting ground for several branches of mathematics, including low-dimensional topology, the theory of Teichmuller spaces, group theory, and, mathematical physics. This title focuses on the group-theoretic properties of these groups and their subgroups.
Myelopeptides are a new class of endogenous bioregulatory peptides. Each has its own definite immunoregulatory activity and differs in their final effects and mechanisms of action. Myelopeptides act as immunocorrectors and thus prevent the development of immunodeficiency states. They have an antitumor effect which contributes to the retention of active immune defense in the tumor-bearing body. The ability of myelopeptides to induce terminal cell differentiation in hemopoietic disorders (in particular, in leukemia) is demonstrated. The protective effect of a single myelopeptide in bacterial contagion of animals, which is due to the stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis, is established. In this book, the concept of the general biological value of cytokines, including peptide endogenous regulators, is discussed. Myelopeptides are promising in the development of a new generation of medicinal preparations because of their endogenous origin, low molecular weight, directed action and absence of side effects.This book is intended for those interested in medical and biological problems: lecturers and students in medical and biological universities, scientists and researchers from medical and biological laboratories, and other professionals involved in medical and biological research.
Unified Non-Local Theory of Transport Processess, 2nd Edition provides a new theory of transport processes in gases, plasmas and liquids. It is shown that the well-known Boltzmann equation, which is the basis of the classical kinetic theory, is incorrect in the definite sense. Additional terms need to be added leading to a dramatic change in transport theory. The result is a strict theory of turbulence and the possibility to calculate turbulent flows from the first principles of physics. Fully revised and expanded edition, providing applications in quantum non-local hydrodynamics, quantum solitons in solid matter, and plasmas Uses generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory as an highly effective tool for solving many physical problems beyond classical physics Addresses dark matter and energy Presents non-local physics in many related problems of hydrodynamics, gravity, black holes, nonlinear optics, and applied mathematics
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