This book provides fascinating insights into the development and genetics of evolutionary processes on the basis of animals living in the dark, such as the Astyanax cave fish. Biologically functionless traits show high variability, which results from neutral deleterious mutations no longer being eliminated by natural selection, which normally acts to preserve functional capability. These negative mutations accumulate until the traits they are responsible for become rudimentary or even lost. The random genetic basis of regressive evolution is in accordance with Nei’s Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, which applies to the molecular level. Such processes are particularly conspicuous in species living in constant darkness, where, for example in Astyanax, all traits depending on the exposure to light, like eyes, pigmentation, visually triggered aggressive behaviour, negative phototaxis, and several peripheral outcomes of circadian rhythmicity, are useless and diminish. In compensation constructive traits like taste, olfaction or the lateral line senses are improved by selection and do not show variability. Regressive and constructive traits inherit independently, proving that the rudimentation process is not driven by pleiotropic linkage between them. All these traits are subject to mosaic evolution and exhibit unproportional epistatic gene effects, which play an important role in evolutionary adaptation and improvement. Offering valuable evolutionary insights and supplemented by a wealth of illustrations, this book will appeal to evolutionary and developmental biologists alike.
This book provides fascinating insights into the development and genetics of evolutionary processes on the basis of animals living in the dark, such as the Astyanax cave fish. Biologically functionless traits show high variability, which results from neutral deleterious mutations no longer being eliminated by natural selection, which normally acts to preserve functional capability. These negative mutations accumulate until the traits they are responsible for become rudimentary or even lost. The random genetic basis of regressive evolution is in accordance with Nei’s Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, which applies to the molecular level. Such processes are particularly conspicuous in species living in constant darkness, where, for example in Astyanax, all traits depending on the exposure to light, like eyes, pigmentation, visually triggered aggressive behaviour, negative phototaxis, and several peripheral outcomes of circadian rhythmicity, are useless and diminish. In compensation constructive traits like taste, olfaction or the lateral line senses are improved by selection and do not show variability. Regressive and constructive traits inherit independently, proving that the rudimentation process is not driven by pleiotropic linkage between them. All these traits are subject to mosaic evolution and exhibit unproportional epistatic gene effects, which play an important role in evolutionary adaptation and improvement. Offering valuable evolutionary insights and supplemented by a wealth of illustrations, this book will appeal to evolutionary and developmental biologists alike.
For nearly three decades The LaTeX Companion has been the essential resource for anyone using LaTeX to create high-quality documents. Just like the earlier editions, this completely updated third edition is designed to serve as the stable core resource for users: covering all aspects of document production, from detailed micro-typography questions and macro-typography (heading design, lists, mathematics, tables, graphics, fonts, page-layout, etc.) to bibliography and index production. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and in many cases largely extended to describe new important functionality and features. More than 5,000 add-on packages have been analyzed in detail, out of which roughly 10% have been chosen for inclusion in The LaTeX Companion. All important aspects of these packages are described to provide the user once again with a satisfying one-stop-shop experience for the decade to come. Following the concept of the earlier versions, the new edition is full of novel tips and tricks for using LaTeX in both traditional and modern typesetting, and also shows you how to customize layout features to your own needs--from phrases and paragraphs to headings, lists, and pages. Inside you will find: Expert advice on using LaTeX's formatting tools to create publications of all types and sizes--memos, articles, books, or even encyclopedias. In-depth coverage of all essential extension packages--e.g., for tabular and technical typesetting, floats and captions, multicolumn layouts, graphics, or font selection--including discussions of the underlying typographic and TeXnical concepts. Detailed techniques for generating and typesetting contents lists, bibliographies, indexes, etc. Full coverage of the latest packages for all types of documents--mathematical, multilingual, and many more. Tips and tricks for LaTeX programmers and systems support. Detailed help on all error messages, including those troublesome low-level TeX errors. New to this edition: Inclusion of, or more details on, important new or changed large-scale packages, e.g., biblatex, fontspec, hyperref, mathtools, siunitx, tcolorbox, tikz, and unicode-math, to name just a few. Coverage of newer engine developments, e.g., the use of Unicode engines with LaTeX. Discussion of all vital changes to LaTeX itself, which is undergoing a transformation to keep it relevant in the years to come. Examples are the new hook management system for LaTeX, the extended document command syntax, and the inclusion of the LaTeX3 programming layer into the LaTeX format. Inclusion of many new, useful (smaller) packages in all chapters--each offering additional functionality. Two new chapters devoted to the use of high-quality fonts for text and math (OpenType, TrueType, and Type 1), now available for use with LaTeX. They offer a comprehensive set of samples to choose from (more than 120 text font families and 40 math font layouts), compiled with the help of an expert font designer. Revised discussions of multi-lingual support by the authors of the babel system to typeset text from a wide range of languages and cultures. The chapter on bibliography generation now also covers the styles made available with biblatex and biber. More than 1,500 fully tested examples (an increase of 30%) that illustrate the text and solve typographical and technical problems--all ready to run! In short, the two parts of The LaTeX Companion, Third Edition, cover all you need to know about LaTeX use in the twenty-first century, while also offering expertly curated discussions of the best add-on packages now available--over 500 are covered! The examples can be downloaded from https://ctan.org/pkg/tlc3-examples. Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available.
This is the first textbook treatment of the algebraic approach to graph transformation, based on algebraic structures and category theory. It contains an introduction to classical graphs. Basic and advanced results are first shown for an abstract form of replacement systems and are then instantiated to several forms of graph and Petri net transformation systems. The book develops typed attributed graph transformation and contains a practical case study.
Ulrike Golas extends a mathematical theory of algebraic graph and model transformations for more sophisticated applications like the specification of syntax, semantics, and model transformations of complex models. Based on M-adhesive transformation systems, model transformations are successfully analyzed regarding syntactical correctness, completeness, functional behavior, and semantical simulation and correctness.
This book is a comprehensive explanation of graph and model transformation. It contains a detailed introduction, including basic results and applications of the algebraic theory of graph transformations, and references to the historical context. Then in the main part the book contains detailed chapters on M-adhesive categories, M-adhesive transformation systems, and multi-amalgamated transformations, and model transformation based on triple graph grammars. In the final part of the book the authors examine application of the techniques in various domains, including chapters on case studies and tool support. The book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the areas of theoretical computer science, software engineering, concurrent and distributed systems, and visual modelling.
Obwohl viele inkriminierte Texte schnell bestimmten Textsorten zugeordnet werden können, beruht diese Zuordnung oftmals nicht auf linguistischen, sondern auf strafrechtlich relevanten Faktoren. Solche Klassifikationen sind für die forensische Praxis unverzichtbar, verbergen allerdings häufig die linguistische Vielfalt innerhalb eines Texttyps. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die stilistische Variation in zwei konträr zueinanderstehenden Textklassen: rechtsextremen Droh- und Schmähbriefen sowie linksextremen Bekennerschreiben und Positionspapieren. Die über 150 authentischen Texte wurden mithilfe eines semi-automatisierten Clusterverfahrens hinsichtlich ihrer stilistischen Charakteristika gruppiert. Die resultierenden Stilausprägungen veranschaulichen einerseits die große Diversität linguistischer Merkmale innerhalb einer Textklasse, andererseits zeigt sich, dass einige Stilausprägungen gleichermaßen aus beiden Textklassen gespeist werden - trotz deren gegensätzlichen Funktionen und politischen Ideen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie bereichern nicht nur unser linguistisches Verständnis der beiden untersuchten Textklassen, sondern zeigen auch für die Praxis der Autorenanalyse neue Perspektiven und Herangehensweisen auf.
The fifth volume in the series Documenta Q is concerned with the reconstruction of the Q text behind Luke 22:28, 30 par. Matt 19:28. The International Q Project's presentation of the critical text of Q 22:28, 30, together with the exhaustive history of research on which it is based, will enhance considerably research in the Sayings Gospel Q, the historical Jesus, and New Testament christology. Further, nowhere else in the Synoptic tradition is the claim of the Jesus movement regarding Israel stated more clearly than in Q 22:28, 30. The database and evaluations are an expanded and revised version of those presented and discussed at the meeting of the International Q Project in Chigaco 1994. Just prior to the bibliography at the conclusion of the volume the resultant critical text of Q 22:28, 30 is printed. This Greek text is followed by English, German and French translations. (Lucan chapter and verse numeration is used as a convenience and a mere convention.)
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