This short, illustrated history of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers provides an overview of the many missions that engineers have performed in support of the Army and the nation since the early days of the American Revolution. A permanent institution since 1802, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has effectively and proudly responded to changing defense requirements and has played an integral part in the development of the nation."Engineers have served in combat in all our nation's wars. Throughout the 19th century the Corps built coastal fortifications, surveyed roads and canals, eliminated navigational hazards, explored and mapped the western frontier, and constructed buildings and monuments in the nation's capital."In the 20th century, the Corps became the lead federal flood control agency. Assigned the military construction mission in 1941, the Corps constructed facilities at home and abroad to support the Army and the Air Force. During the Cold War, Army engineers managed construction programs for America's allies, including a massive effort in Saudi Arabia."Today, building on its rich heritage, the Corps is changing to meet the challenges of tomorrow. Our vision calls for us to be a vital part of the Army; the engineer team of choice, responding to our nation's needs in peace and war; and a values-based organization, respected, responsive, and reliable."I hope that readers of the history will gain an appreciation of the military, political, economic, and technological factors that shaped the modern Corps of Engineers. We in the Corps, both soldiers and civilians, are proud of our many contributions to the Army and the nation and look forward with confidence to continuedservice."Joe N. BallardLieutenant General, United States ArmyCommanding
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) is responsible for construction, operations, and maintenance of much of the nation's water resources infrastructure. This infrastructure includes flood control levees, multi-purpose dams, locks, navigation channels, port and harbor facilities, and beach protection infrastructure. The Corps of Engineers also regulates the dredging and filling of wetlands subject to federal jurisdictions. Along with its programs for flood damage reduction and support of commercial navigation, ecosystem restoration was added as a primary Corps mission area in 1996. The National Research Council (NRC) Committee on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on Water Resources Science, Engineering, and Planning was convened by the NRC at the request of the Corps of Engineers to provide independent advice to the Corps on an array of strategic and planning issues. National Water Resources Challenges Facing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers surveys the key water resources challenges facing the Corps, the limits of what might be expected today from the Corps, and future prospects for the agency. This report presents several findings, but no recommendations, to the Corps of Engineers based on initial investigations and discussions with Corps leadership. National Water Resources Challenges Facing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers can serve as a foundational resource for the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Congress, federal agencies, and Corps project co-sponsors, among others.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has a long history of managing navigation, floods, and other water-related issues on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. A recent chapter in that history is the problem of waterway congestion at several locks on the lower portion of the Upper Mississippi River. The Corps has studied this problem and its possible solutions since the late 1980s, producing a draft feasibility study in 2000 and an interim report on a restructured feasibility study in 2002. A committee was convened to review and provide advice on the most recent phase of the Corps' analytical efforts.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has long been one of the federal government's key agencies in planning the uses of the nation's waterways and water resources. Though responsible for a range of water-related programs, the Corps's two traditional programs have been flood damage reduction and navigation enhancement. The water resource needs of the nation, however, have for decades been shifting away from engineered control of watersheds toward restoration of ecosystem services and natural hydrologic variability. In response to these shifting needs, legislation was enacted in 1990 which initiated the Corps's involvement in ecological restoration, which is now on par with the Corps's traditional flood damage reduction and navigation roles. This book provides an analysis of the Corps's efforts in ecological restoration, and provides broader recommendations on how the corps might streamline their planning process. It also assesses the impacts of federal legislation on the Corps planning and projects, and provides recommendations on how relevant federal policies might be altered in order to improve Corps planning. Another important shift affecting the Corps has been federal cost-sharing arrangements (enacted in 1986), mandating greater financial participation in Corps water projects by local co-sponsors. The book describes how this has affected the Corps-sponsor relationship, and comments upon how each group must adjust to new planning and political realities.
The purpose of the Corps' civil works project study process is to inform federal decision makers whether a water resources project warrants further federal investment. The study process is conducted in two phases: reconnaissance and feasibility. In the reconnaissance phase, the Corps conducts an initial evaluation of potential solutions to a water resources problem.
The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest and most destructive in United States history. In the wake of this disaster, the Army Corps of Engineers joined the team headed by the United States Coast Guard to mount a massive cleanup effort. This was the first time the Corps and the Coast Guard had worked together on such a grand scale, and the results were dramatic. The record clearly indicated that Corps personnel, in concert with other federal, state, and local agencies, made significant contributions in all phases of the operation. Of particular note were achievements in the area of dredging, contracting procedures, and application of state-of-the-art remote sensing technology. Dr. Janet A. McDonnell's account of events both during and after the March 24, 1989, spill provides valuable insight into the myriad complex problems that must be considered and overcome when confronting a disaster of this magnitude. The Exxon Valdez incident and other subsequent spills clearly indicate the need for better planning and improved cooperation among all agencies involved. By documenting these "lessons learned" from the Exxon Valdez experience, we now are able to learn from the past and to prepare ourselves for better response in the future. Janet A. McDonnell received her Ph.D. from Marquette University and is a senior historian with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. She has published The Dispossession of the American Indian: Indian Land Policy, 1887-1934 as well as several articles on Indian land policy. She has also completed a history of the Corps of Engineers' response to the Loma Prieta earthquake. Currently she is writing a history of the Corps' support to U.S. forces during the Gulf War and ahistory of the Army's role in the reconstruction of Kuwait.
The goal of the symposium was to promote interactive discussion between risk assessment experts and port safety managers and to link expertise in the theories and methodologies of risk assessment and the use of data to real-world applications for risk assessment in the interest of improving the safety and efficiency of the nation's marine transportation system. The Proceedings contain the cochairs' overview of the discussions and presentations, all the formal papers and presentations, and the discussion group summaries and excerpts from the question and answer sessions after the presentations by discussion group leaders. The symposium program; list of attendees; and biographies of the cochairs, presenters, and discussion group leaders are provided in the Appendixes.
For the past few years, the Corps has been working on what is known as the Restructured Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway Feasibility Study, the heart of which is a multibillion-dollar proposal to double the length of up to a dozen locks on the river. The Research Council first reviewed the feasibility study in 2001 during controversies over the accuracy of models being used by the Corps to justify lock expansion based on increased demand for barge transportation. More than 100 million tons of cargo-half of it grain destined for international markets, the other half goods such as construction materials, coal, and chemicals-are shipped along the navigation system each year. The locks, which along with dams allow barges to traverse uneven river depths, were originally designed for "tows" of barges up to 600 feet long, but the length of a typical tow has increased, forcing the Corps to look for ways to relieve congestion. The book finds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has made good progress in broadening its proposed plan for navigation improvements on the Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway system to give greater consideration to ecological restoration. However, the plan still does not provide sufficient economic justification for expanding locks on the rivers because of flaws in the models the Corps used to predict demand for barge transportation. Little attention is paid to inexpensive, nonstructural navigation improvements that could help better manage existing levels of barge traffic. The revised plan has been usefully expanded to include many creative and potentially useful ecosystem restoration measures. These measures, however, should be more firmly grounded in river science principles and more broadly consider ways the river's ecology might affect or be affected by navigation, recreation and other uses.
From the Executive Summary: There are some concerns that the current Corps planning and construction budget has not kept pace with expanding national water management needs for flood hazard management, water transportation, and other purposes. At the same time, others question the wisdom of and budgetary prospects for the continuation of a traditional water project construction program. Debates about water use and funding priorities now extend to intense scrutiny of Corps of Engineers planning, investment, and project operations programs.
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