Agriculture is the largest enterprise in India which has been and will continue to be the lifeline of the Indian economy in the foreseeable future. However due to urbanization, agricultural land is shrinking and human population is increasing year by year. So, there is a need for vertical increase in agricultural produce to feed the increasing population. Due to changing climatic conditions, there is a need for reorientation of presently practiced agricultural technologies. At the same time there is a need to save/conserve the natural resources. Crop yields can be improved with the adoption of improved production and protection technologies for raising field crops. In order to increase profit in agriculture, the farm inputs like fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides etc. must be used judiciously and more stress should be laid on conservation agriculture. The book covers basic but very comprehensive information on history of agriculture and role of Agronomy, tillage practices, nutrient elements for plant growth, weeds and their management, irrigation management, crop physiology, crop ecology, integrated farming system and organic farming. A detailed information on history and origin, improved varieties, agronomic practices and plant protection techniques for important field crops viz. cereals, oilseeds, pulses, sugar crops and fibre crops has been given. Also information on cultivation practices for important medicinal, aromatic, spice crops as well as plantation crops along with their uses/medicinal values has been provided. This book will be very helpful for B.Sc. Agriculture students throughout the country as it covers nearby the entire syllabus for Agronomy courses framed by ICAR as suggested by 4 th Dean’s Committee.
Though plant cells are separated by cell walls, cells maintain their identity as they are delimited by semi-permeable membranes that permit them to function as autonomous units. The flow of materials in and out of the cell is regulated by channels, transporters, pumps, and acquaporins in these membranes. The cytoplasm is sandwiched between two membranes: the plasma membrane, which forms the outer boundary of the cytoplasm, and the tonoplast or the vacuolar membrane which forms the inner boundary. Cell membranes serve several different functions: form boundaries and provide compartmentalization, site of chemical reactions catalyzed by membrane proteins, regulate the exchange of ions/compounds across the barrier, site of perception/transmission of signals (hormones), and act in cell-to-cell communication. The membrane functions are affected by different abiotic (biotic stress not discussed), nutritional, edaphic and mechanical stresses, which have been discussed in this volume in light of the recent literature
The book covers basic but very comprehensive information on history of agriculture and relationship of Agronomy with other disciplines, tillage practices, nutrient elements for plant growth, weed and their management, irrigation management, crop physiology, crop ecology, integrated farming system and organic farming. A detailed information on history and origin, improved varieties, agronomic practices and plant protection techniques for important field crops viz. cereals, oilseeds, pulses, sugar crops and fiber crops has been given. Also information on cultivation practices for important medicinal, aromatic and spice crops as well as plantation crops along with their uses/medicinal values has been provided. Apart from this, information on dry land agriculture, crop production under special situations and hints for achieving higher yield of field crops are also given in details. This book will be very helpful for B.Sc. Agriculture as well as M.Sc. Agronomy students throughout the country as it covers nerly the entire syllabus for Agronomy courses framed by ICAR.
This book entitled “Weed Identification and Medicinal Use” deals with important weed identification tips as well as medicinal use of important weeds. In the first chapter, key identification characteristics of weeds like leaf shape, arrangement of the leaves, type of flowers and inflorescence are given. In the second chapter photographs of 201 weeds along with detailed morphological characters, association with different crops, their dispersal mechanism and growing season etc. are provided. Apart from this, the important morphological characters pertaining to different weed species i.e. plant height, leaf type, root system, type of stem, growing season, branching habits, flower type and colour, shape of fruits/seeds, habitat, means of propagation etc. are also discussed in this chapter. In the third chapter, the medicinal value of 94 important weeds/plant parts which can be used to cure different diseases has been discussed. The glossary of medical terms is also provided in the fourth chapter.
The book entitled “Identification of Weeds and their Control Measures” contains three chapters regarding Identification characteristics, management methods as well as medicinal values of weeds. The first chapter i.e. Identification of weeds contains coloured photographs of important weeds of crops, wasteland and aquatic situations. In this chapter detailed morphological characters of weeds, association with different crops, their dispersal mechanism and growing season etc. are given. Also, important morphological characters pertaining to different weed species i.e. plant height, leaf type, root system, type of stem, growing season, branching habits, flower type and colour, fruits/seeds, habitat, means of propagation etc. are given. Control measures of individual weeds by different weed control methods is also given in detail. In second chapter, control of different weeds species i.e. grass, broad leaf and sedges growing in different crops of kharif and rabi season with different selective herbicides along with their doses and time of application has been given. In addition to field crops, control of weeds in medicinal, spice and aromatic crops as well as fodder and vegetable crops has also been given. In the third chapter, the medicinal value of important weeds/plant parts which can be used to cure different human as well as animal diseases has been discussed.
The land holding of the farmer is decreasing day by day due to urbanisation and there is no chance for horizontal increase in agricultural land. To increase the income of the farmers, few steps for vertical increase in agricultural production have been discussed in this book. A detailed and comprehensive information regarding the historical background of farming system, farming system and its components, integrated farming system and allied enterprises, integrated farming system models in different agroclimatic zones, role of integrated farming system in agriculture and livelihood security, resource cycling and flow of energy in different farming systems, role of crop residues in agriculture, farming system of dryland agriculture, role of agroforestry in farming system, scope of organic farming in farming system have been given. A detailed information regarding the latest concepts of agronomy like conservation agriculture strategies in cropping system, sustainable agriculture, scope of hydroponics techniques in agriculture have also been discussed. In the end tools for determining production and efficiencies in cropping and farming system have also been given.
This book entitled “Weed Identification and Medicinal Use” deals with important weed identification tips as well as medicinal use of important weeds. In the first chapter, key identification characteristics of weeds like leaf shape, arrangement of the leaves, type of flowers and inflorescence are given. In the second chapter photographs of 201 weeds along with detailed morphological characters, association with different crops, their dispersal mechanism and growing season etc. are provided. Apart from this, the important morphological characters pertaining to different weed species i.e. plant height, leaf type, root system, type of stem, growing season, branching habits, flower type and colour, shape of fruits/seeds, habitat, means of propagation etc. are also discussed in this chapter. In the third chapter, the medicinal value of 94 important weeds/plant parts which can be used to cure different diseases has been discussed. The glossary of medical terms is also provided in the fourth chapter.
Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report follows on three previous NRC reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership (NRC, 2005, 2008a, 2010). The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible. The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.
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