Neuropathic pain is the most common type of pain in neuropathy. In painful polyneuropathies the pain usually has a “glove and stocking” distribution. The pain may be predominantly spontaneous, e.g., with a burning, pricking, or shooting character or characterized by evoked pain such as mechanical or cold allodynia. In the clinical setting, the prevention of painful neuropathies and treatment of underlying neuropathy remains inadequate and thus symptomatic treatment of the pain and related disability needs to be offered. Most randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) published in painful neuropathy have been conducted in patients with diabetes and to what extent a treatment which is found effective in painful diabetic polyneuropathy can be expected to relieve other conditions like chemotherapy- or HIV-induced neuropathy is unknown. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), gabapentin, pregabalin, and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are first drug choices. In patients with localized neuropathic pain, a topical lidocaine patch may also be considered. Second-line treatments are tramadol and other opioids. New types of treatment include botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), high-dose capsaicin patches, and cannabinoids. Other types of anticonvulsant drugs such as lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and lacosamide have a more questionable efficacy in painful polyneuropathy but may have an effect in a subgroup of patients. Combination therapy may be considered in patients with insufficient effect from one drug. Treatment is usually a trial-and-error process and has to be individualized to the single patient, taking into account all comorbidities such as possible concomitant depression, anxiety, diseases, and drug interactions. Side-effects to antidepressants include dry mouth, nausea, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, and sedation. ECG should always be obtained prior to treatment with TCAs, which also should not be used in patients with cardiac incompensation and epilepsy. The most common side-effects of gabapentin and pregabalin are CNS-related side-effects with dizziness and somnolence. Peripheral edema, weight gain, nausea, vertigo, asthenia, dry mouth, and ataxia may also occur. Topical treatments are better tolerated due to lack of systemic side-effects but there is still limited evidence for the long-term efficacy of these drugs. With available drugs, the average pain reduction is about 20–30%, and only 20–35% of the patients will achieve at least 50% pain reduction, which stresses the need of a multidisciplinary approach to pain treatment.
The second edition of Chronic Pain now covers a vast scientific and clinical arena, with the scientific background and therapeutic options much expanded. In common with the other titles comprising Clinical Pain Management, the volume gathers together the available evidence-based information in a reader-friendly format without unnecessary detail, an
An in-depth analysis of complex clinical situations involving multiple concurrent diseases, this book reviews the clinical presentation and management of interactions among medical conditions, including myofascial pain, headache, fibromyalgia, visceral pain, hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, low back pain, obesity, depression, and anxiety. This is a must-have volume for clinicians who treat chronic pain patients, general practitioners, clinical psychologists, medical students, nurses, and clinical investigators.
Whiplash Injury: A Model for Development of Chronic Pain compiles the proceedings of the March, 2014 IASP Research Symposium into one convenient volume, providing state-of-the-art information on the biopsychosocial factors involved in the development and course of chronic pain after whiplash. Global experts in biomechanics, anatomy, psychology, and clinical practice focus on ways to advance research, understanding, prevention, and treatment, with a collaborative point of view that benefits both pain researchers and clinicians who treat patients with whiplash.
Proceedings of the August 1996 congress, with sections on pain in society, transition of pain from acute to chronic, neurobiology of persistent pain, pharmacology of pain, neurotrophic factors and pain, quantitative measures of pain, musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, psychosocial factors in pain, cancer pain, new insights into opioid analgesics, processing and imaging of pain, and pain in infants, children, and the elderly. Specific topics include cultural influences on pain, the nociceptive system, the pharmacology of new agonists and antagonists in peripheral nociception, and cloned opioid receptors. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The second edition of Chronic Pain now covers a vast scientific and clinical arena, with the scientific background and therapeutic options much expanded. In common with the other titles comprising Clinical Pain Management, the volume gathers together the available evidence-based information in a reader-friendly format without unnecessary detail, an
Classical Heritage and European Identities examines how the heritages of classical antiquity have been used to construct European identities, and especially the concept of citizenship, in Denmark from the eighteenth century to the present day. It implements a critical historiographical perspective in line with recent work on the "reception" of classical antiquity that has stressed the dialectic relationship between past, present and future. Arguing that the continuous employment and appropriation of lassical heritages in the Danish context constitutes an interesting case of an imagined geography that is simultaneously based on both national and European identities, the book shows how Denmark’s imagined geography is naturalized through very distinctive uses of classical heritages within the educational and heritage sectors. It does so by exploring three significant and interrelated arenas where the heritages of classical antiquity are used to shape Danes as European citizens. Together, these three cases emphasize different but interconnected ways in which classical heritages are being put to use in order to construct Denmark’s own distinctive national identity within Europe. Finally, the book also sheds light on some of the challenges that face unified and homogenous conceptions of European heritage and identity, as well as the notion of the "classical" itself. Classical Heritage and European Identities is the first English-language monograph to situate the Danish case within the wider European context. As such, the book should be essential reading for researchers and students engaged in the study of heritage and museums, classics, education and modern European history.
This is by far the most exhaustive biography on Niels Stensen, anatomist, geologist and bishop, better known as "Nicolaus Steno". We learn about the scientist’s family and background in Lutheran Denmark, of his teachers at home and abroad, of his studies and travels in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, of his many pioneering achievements in anatomy and geology, of his encounters with Swammerdam, Malpighi and with members of the newly established Royal Society of London and the Accademia del Cimento in Florence, and with the philosopher Spinoza. It further treats Stensen’s religious conversion. The book includes the full set of Steno's anatomical and geological scientific papers in original language. The editors thoroughly translated the original Latin text to English, and included numerous footnotes on the background of this bibliographic and scientific treasure from the 17th century.
Whiplash Injury: A Model for Development of Chronic Pain compiles the proceedings of the March, 2014 IASP Research Symposium into one convenient volume, providing state-of-the-art information on the biopsychosocial factors involved in the development and course of chronic pain after whiplash. Global experts in biomechanics, anatomy, psychology, and clinical practice focus on ways to advance research, understanding, prevention, and treatment, with a collaborative point of view that benefits both pain researchers and clinicians who treat patients with whiplash.
An in-depth analysis of complex clinical situations involving multiple concurrent diseases, this book reviews the clinical presentation and management of interactions among medical conditions, including myofascial pain, headache, fibromyalgia, visceral pain, hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, low back pain, obesity, depression, and anxiety. This is a must-have volume for clinicians who treat chronic pain patients, general practitioners, clinical psychologists, medical students, nurses, and clinical investigators.
Samarium diiodide is one of the most important reducing agents available to synthetic organic chemists. The lanthanide(II) reagent acts by single-electron transfer to organic substrates leading to the formation of both radical and/or anionic intermediates. The power of the reagent arises from its versatility - samarium diiodide can be used in processes ranging from functional group conversions to elaborate carbon-carbon bond-forming cyclization sequences that result in a dramatic increase in molecular complexity. In addition, reactions involving samarium diiodide often show high stereoselectivity as samarium ions can coordinate to Lewis basic sites on substrates and can direct the stereochemical course of reactions. The ability to fine-tune the reactivity of the reagent by the use of additives and co-solvents is an additional, attractive feature. Although samarium diiodide is used extensively by organic chemists, there is still a widely held view that the reagent can be difficult to prepare and use. In addition, samarium diiodide can mediate such a wide variety of organic chemistry that potential new users are often overawed by the extensive primary literature on the reagent. The objective of this book is to provide a concise, practical guide to the reagent. Rather than being a comprehensive review of the chemistry of samarium diiodide, this user-friendly book adopts an "an all you need to know" approach to the topic. The international authors are well-known for their work with the reagent and their expertise covers current developments in new reactivity and selectivity, applications in target synthesis, co-solvent and additive effects, coordination chemistry and mechanism. The book includes the best methods for preparing and handling the reagent, how solvents, co-solvents and additives alter reactivity, the basic mechanisms of reactions, common transformations using the reagent, and emerging areas in samarium diiodide chemistry. The authors have distilled the extensive primary literature to allow the reader to quickly grasp an understanding of the reagent and its utility. The illustrative practical procedures help the reader to prepare and use the reagent in the laboratory while references from the recent literature allow readers to pursue their interest in the popular reagent. The book also contains many illustrations and chemical schemes.
Abraham's intention to sacrifice his son on God's command symbolizes the violent potential of authoritarian religion. The contemporary resurgence of radically 'conservative' and 'fundamentalist' religion raises the question whether this kind of God-relation is compatible with a commitment to liberal democracy. In this timely and original book, Troels Nager provides an answer by integrating insights from philosophy of religion and political philosophy. In Part One, Nager surveys the interpretive history of Genesis 22, focusing in particular on Kierkegaard's ingenious attempt to save Abraham and his unquestioning faith. In Part Two, drawing on eminent thinkers like Rawls and Habermas, Nager argues that while religion can be accorded an important role in the public square, each religion and each believer must learn to appreciate that in a pluralist society 'the political' (government, legal system, and public administration) is neutral towards religion and ultimately guided by 'secular' reason. Taking Leave of Abraham is a call to embrace our post-secular modernity without surrendering to the demands of authoritarian religion.
In Medicine in Ancient Assur Troels Pank Arbøll offers a microhistorical study of a single exorcist named Kiṣir-Aššur who practiced medical and magical healing in the ancient city of Assur (modern northern Iraq) in the 7th century BCE. The book provides the first detailed analysis of a healer’s education and practice in ancient Mesopotamia based on at least 73 texts assigned to specific stages of his career. By drawing on a microhistorical framework, the study aims at significantly improving our understanding of the functional aspects of texts in their specialist environment. Furthermore, the work situates Kiṣir-Aššur as one of the earliest healers in world history for whom we have such details pertaining to his career originating from his own time.
A main work on muscular action, the "Elements of Myology," by the Danish anatomist Niels Stensen (1638-1686) was written at a time when the teachings of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Aristotle, & Galen were still the foundations upon which scholarly learning on the human body were built. In this work as in several other areas of research, Stensen described a structure vs. time relation as a dynamic process. From macroscopic observations of a number of muscles in several animal species, he described the contraction of compound muscles arranged in unipennate structures with an angle between muscle fibers & tendons. He found that the observed swelling of a muscle during contraction was not an argument for an expansion of its volume. Contents of this study: (1) Stensen's Myology in HIsotrical Perspective, by Troels Kardel, M.D.; & (2) Translations of Niels Stensen's "New Structure of the Muscles & Heart" (1663) & "Specimen of Elements of Myology" (1667) with Facsimile of First Editions" annotated by Harriet Hansen, M.A., & Aug. Ziggelaar, S.J., Ph.D. Reprint. Illus.
Analysing two major surveys of 14 different migrant groups connected to Danish register data, this insightful book explores what migrants think of the welfare state. It investigates the question of whether migrants assimilate to the ideas of extensive state intervention in markets and families or if they retain the attitudes and values that are prevalent in their countries of origin.
This book examines the political and military dynamic between threatened local regimes and Western powers, and it argues that the power of informal politics forces local regimes to simulate statebuilding. Reforms enabling local states to take care of their own terrorist and insurgency threats are a blueprint for most Western interventions to provide a way out of protracted internal conflicts. Yet, local regimes most often fail to implement reforms that would have strengthened their hand. This book examines why local regimes derail the reforms demanded by Western powers when they rely on their support to stay in power during existentially threatening violent crises. Based on the political settlement framework, the author analyses how web-like networks of militarized elites require local regimes to use informal politics to stay in power. Four case studies of Western intervention are presented: Iraq (2011-2018), Mali (2011-2020), Chad (2005-2010), and Algeria (1991-2000). These studies demonstrate that informal politics narrows strategic possibilities and forces regimes to rely on coup-proofing military strategies, to continue their alliances with militias and former insurgents, and to simulate statebuilding reforms to solve the dilemma of satisfying militarized elites and Western powers at the same time. This book will be of much interest to students of statebuilding, international intervention, counter-insurgency, civil wars, and international relations.
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