The Huns are part of Europe's rich history. The direct Hunnic impact on Europe as it stood around 370 was massive. Attila is one of the few names from antiquity that is still instantly recognised. Three famous experts on the Huns - Otto Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Edward Thompson (1948, 1996), and Mischa Meier (2020) - contributed significantly to our knowledge, but they failed to answer the five most important questions on Attila and the Huns: - Which was the native country of the Huns? - Where are the capitals and tombs of Attila's royal ancestors - Uldin, Charaton, and Ruga? - Where did Attila's decisive Battle of the Catalaunian Plains really take place? - Where is Attila's lost capital? - Where is Attila's legendary tomb with his fabled Sword of Mars? This book provides answers to each of these five questions, while also solving other mysteries - the identity of the enigmatic river Drecon, the name of the village of Attila's sister-in-law, and the true course of Attila's Gallic campaign in 451 and his Italian campaign in 452.
The most famous Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt was arguably one of the last kings of km.t Egypt. He bears a name known to every child. Under Pharaoh Alexander, Egypt reached its widest extension and was afforded more protection than ever before. His Golden Horus name characterises Alexander as the ruler of all the sun encircles and the strong bull who protects Egypt. Alexander the Great gave birth to a new Dynasty, the 32nd of Ancient Egypt. Alexandria, the leading city of the known world in the 3rd and 2nd century BC, was founded. But what remains of Pharaoh Alexander? Where is his tomb? Where is his sarcophagus? Where is his mummy? The key to the answers is reusing. We recycle paper. We reuse iron. In the 17th century Spaniards recycled Inca-gold. In the late 4th century, Christians repurposed Pagan temples. Why should Phoenicians, Macedonians, and Egyptians not have reused the outstanding artefacts of Alexander the Great? Historical, archaeological, and artistic evidence is presented for two of the most intriguing artefacts of Alexander the Great. Both are still readily accessible and can be admired by any traveller. Both artefacts were reused in the late 4th respectively in the mid-3rd century BC. This reuse fogged their identification and led to misinterpretations. One artefact of the greatest conqueror of the Ancient World was discovered more than 130 years ago, the other has been known of for more than 50 years. In both cases, layers of accretions obscured the identity of their owner. Even worse, renowned scholars attribute these artefacts to the person who reused them. These artefacts are: Alexander's monumental Tomb and his unparalleled Sarcophagus. It will be further revealed that Alexander was subsequently entombed at three Egyptian localities and that his body rested in two further sarcophagi. Some scholars suggest that also the third, and most personal artefact of Alexander the Great, was reused in the 4th century AD, namely his mummified Body. Does archaeological or historical evidence support the veneration of Alexanders mummy as Saint Mark in Venice or near Alexander's Temple in the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt? Or, is Alexander's body still in existence under the Alabaster Tomb or in the Soma of Alexandria? A testimony to this last question is available in written form for more than 1600 years but was overlooked. Thereby, the identity of the builder of "Alexander's" Temple at Bahariya Oasis and the identity of "Saint Mark" at Venice will be revealed.
Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Graeme Trousdale develop an approach to language change based on construction grammar. Construction grammar is a theory of signs construed at the level of the phrase, clause, and complex sentence. Until now it has been mainly synchronic. The authors use it to reconceptualize grammaticalization (the process by which verbs like to have lose semantic content and gain grammatical functions, or word order moves from discourse-prominent to syntax-prominent), and lexicalization (in which idioms become fixed and complex words simplified). Basing their argument on the notions that language is made up of language-specific form-meaning pairings and that there is a gradient between lexical and grammatical constructions, Professor Traugott and Dr Trousdale suggest that language change proceeds by micro-steps that involve closely related changes in syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse functions. They illustrate their exposition with numerous English examples drawn from Anglo-Saxon times to the present, many of which they discuss in depth. The book is organized in six chapters. The first outlines the approach and the questions to be addressed. The second reviews usage-based models of language change. The third considers the relation between grammatical constructionalization and grammaticalization. Chapters 4 and 5 focus respectively on lexical constructionalization and the role of context. The final chapter draws the authors' arguments together and outlines prospects for further research. Constructionalization and Constructional Changes propounds and demonstrates a new and productive approach to historical linguistics.
The Huns are part of Europe's rich history. The direct Hunnic impact on Europe as it stood around 370 was massive. Attila is one of the few names from antiquity that is still instantly recognised. Three famous experts on the Huns - Otto Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Edward Thompson (1948, 1996), and Mischa Meier (2020) - contributed significantly to our knowledge, but they failed to answer the five most important questions on Attila and the Huns: - Which was the native country of the Huns? - Where are the capitals and tombs of Attila's royal ancestors - Uldin, Charaton, and Ruga? - Where did Attila's decisive Battle of the Catalaunian Plains really take place? - Where is Attila's lost capital? - Where is Attila's legendary tomb with his fabled Sword of Mars? This book provides answers to each of these five questions, while also solving other mysteries - the identity of the enigmatic river Drecon, the name of the village of Attila's sister-in-law, and the true course of Attila's Gallic campaign in 451 and his Italian campaign in 452.
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