In the early twentieth century, Chinese traditional architecture and the French-derived methods of the École des Beaux-Arts converged in the United States when Chinese students were given scholarships to train as architects at American universities whose design curricula were dominated by Beaux-Arts methods. Upon their return home in the 1920s and 1930s, these graduates began to practice architecture and create China’s first architectural schools, often transferring a version of what they had learned in the U.S. to Chinese situations. The resulting complex series of design-related transplantations had major implications for China between 1911 and 1949, as it simultaneously underwent cataclysmic social, economic, and political changes. After 1949 and the founding of the People’s Republic, China experienced a radically different wave of influence from the Beaux-Arts through advisors from the Soviet Union who, first under Stalin and later Khrushchev, brought Beaux-Arts ideals in the guise of socialist progress. In the early twenty-first century, China is still feeling the effects of these events. Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts examines the coalescing of the two major architectural systems, placing significant shifts in architectural theory and practice in China within relevant, contemporary, cultural, and educational contexts. Fifteen major scholars from around the world analyze and synthesize these crucial events to shed light on the dramatic architectural and urban changes occurring in China today—many of which have global ramifications. This stimulating and generously illustrated work is divided into three sections, framed by an introduction and a postscript. The first focuses on the convergence of Chinese architecture and the École des Beaux-Arts, outlining the salient aspects of each and suggesting how and why the two "met" in the U.S. The second section centers on the question of how Chinese architects were influenced by the Beaux-Arts and how Chinese architecture was changed as a result. The third takes an even closer look at the Beaux-Arts influence, addressing how innovative practices, new schools of architecture, and buildings whose designs were linked to Beaux-Arts assumptions led to distinctive new paradigms that were rooted in a changing China. By virtue of its scope, scale, and scholarship, this volume promises to become a classic in the fields of Chinese and Western architectural history. Contributors: Tony Atkin, Peter J. Carroll, Yung Ho Chang,Jeffrey W. Cody, Kerry Sizheng Fan, Fu Chao-Ching, Gu Daqing, Seng Kuan,Delin Lai, Xing Ruan, Joseph Rykwert, Nancy S. Steinhardt, David VanZanten, Rudolf Wagner, Zhang Jie, Zhao Chen.
This unique interpretation of the revolutionary process in China uses empirical evidence as well as concepts from contemporary cultural studies. Apter and Saich base their analysis on recently available primary sources on party history, accounts of the Long March and Yan'an period, and interviews with veterans and their relatives.
This collection of documents covers the rise to power of the Chinese communist movement. They show how the Chinese Communist Party interpreted the revolution, how it devised policies to meet changing circumstances and how these policies were communicated to party members and public.
On the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, the definitive history of how Mao and his successors overcame incredible odds to gain and keep power. Mao Zedong and the twelve other young men who founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 could hardly have imagined that less than thirty years later they would be rulers. On its hundredth anniversary, the party remains in command, leading a nation primed for global dominance. Tony Saich tells the authoritative, comprehensive story of the Chinese Communist PartyÑits rise to power against incredible odds, its struggle to consolidate rule and overcome self-inflicted disasters, and its thriving amid other Communist partiesÕ collapse. Saich argues that the brutal Japanese invasion in the 1930s actually helped the party. As the Communists retreated into the countryside, they established themselves as the populist, grassroots alternative to the Nationalists, gaining the support they would need to triumph in the civil war. Once in power, however, the Communists faced the difficult task of learning how to rule. Saich examines the devastating economic consequences of MaoÕs Great Leap Forward and the political chaos of the Cultural Revolution, as well as the partyÕs rebound under Deng XiaopingÕs reforms. Leninist systems are thought to be rigid, yet the Chinese Communist Party has proved adaptable. From Rebel to Ruler shows that the party owes its endurance to its flexibility. But is it nimble enough to realize Xi JinpingÕs ÒChina DreamÓ? Challenges are multiplying, as the growing middle class makes new demands on the state and the ideological retreat from communism draws the party further from its revolutionary roots. The legacy of the party may be secure, but its future is anything but guaranteed.
After more than 30 years of reformations in agriculture, manufacturing and trade and industry, China’s economy has grown to become the second largest in the world. This book examines the contributions of dynamic entrepreneurs to the economic development of mainland China and Hong Kong – an analysis that is largely lacking in existing studies China’s economic stronghold. This book adopts theories of entrepreneurship and market processes as major analytical frameworks to conclude that entrepreneurship is the true engine of growth in mainland China and Hong Kong. Chinese Entrepreneurship focuses on the knowledge drivers and systemic challenges of these businesses to examine how entrepreneurs under uncertainty identify and pursue profit opportunities, and how their efforts have enhanced China’s economic dynamics. This book offers vital insight to students, teachers and researchers of Chinese business and economics, along with Chinese culture and expanding economies.
What does a Dutchman have to do with the rise of the Chinese Communist Party? Finding Allies and Making Revolution by Tony Saich reveals how Henk Sneevliet (alias Maring), arriving as Lenin’s choice for China work, provided the communists with two of their most enduring legacies: the idea of a Leninist party and the tactic of the united front. Sneevliet strived to instill discipline and structure for the left-leaning intellectuals searching for a solution to China’s humiliation. He was not an easy man and clashed with the Chinese comrades and his masters in Moscow. This new analysis is based on Sneevliet’s diaries and reports, together with contemporary materials from key Chinese figures, and important documents held in the Comintern’s China archive.
Examining the interaction between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and specific social categories (including peasants, workers, the middle classes, and the dominant class), with a focus on class and class discourse, this volume analyses the CCP’s impact on social change in China between 1921 and 1978. By exploring the CCP’s evolving discourse of class, this book demonstrates that, while class has retained its centrality, its meaning has been re-articulated from an ideological-political tool to a less meaningful signifier, though always used instrumentality. By examining the impact of the CCP’s policies and discourse surrounding class, it also reveals how its own policies since 1921 have shaped the CCP’s current (2021) perspectives on class and stratification. This volume, through an analysis of economic, political, and cultural inequalities in Chinese society even after 1949, also reveals the emergence of a diverse and often overlooked middle class in Chinese society during the 1950s. Delivering a detailed analysis of how the CCP has developed its practical approaches to class and mobilization, this study will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese politics, Chinese history, Asian politics, and Asian studies.
One of the most tumultuous periods in modern Chinese history, the Cultural Revolution affected virtually all Chinese people and all aspects of Chinese life, including art, music and drama, education, factory management, economic planning, and medical care. Studies of the Cultural Revolution, in both Chinese and Western languages, have burgeoned over the past three decades. This comprehensive, easy-to-use bibliography provides a guide to published English-language sources on the Cultural Revolution. With over a thousand entries, it includes books, monographs, dissertations, and audio-visual materials on a broad range of topics from the military, education, religion, and economics to foreign relations, population, art, literature, and drama. Including titles published through the end of 1997 and a few in 1998, the book provides a general overview of the literature on the Chinese Cultural Revolution and its impact on China. Its scope and coverage make it a useful resource for any library whose readers have an interest in modern Chinese history.
These essays present fresh insights into the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), from its founding in 1920 to its assumption of state power in 1949. They draw upon considerable archival resources which have recently become available.
Synthesizing twenty-five years of the most significant and influential findings of published research on second language writing in English, this volume promotes understanding and provides access to research developments in the field. It is an essential reference tool for libraries and for serious writing professionals, both researchers and practitioners, both L1 and L2.
Centuries ago the Emperor of China gave a wedding gift to his only daughter. It was forged from precious metals and gems. The gift reappears hundreds of years later and continues it's life traveling through many more time periods, experiences, and far away lands. The dramatic stories of the owners of the gift are recounted for the first time in this novel. Can it's true value ever be regained after the gift looses the esteemed position as a prized possession in a palace, to a tarnished "token-find" in a pawnshop? Does it really hold the power to bestow a happy marriage to the possessors of this gift? Finally, find out where the gift is today!
This book introduces various machine learning methods for cyber security analytics. With an overwhelming amount of data being generated and transferred over various networks, monitoring everything that is exchanged and identifying potential cyber threats and attacks poses a serious challenge for cyber experts. Further, as cyber attacks become more frequent and sophisticated, there is a requirement for machines to predict, detect, and identify them more rapidly. Machine learning offers various tools and techniques to automate and quickly predict, detect, and identify cyber attacks.
The film Bullet in the Head functions both as an apocalyptic melodrama and as an allegory of fears concerning the implications of the Tiananmen Square incident for Hong Kong residents. This book argues for its central importance as a major work of contemporary Hong Kong cinema.
Set in Hong Kong, Singapore and Cambodia in the 1960s, Wong Kar Wai's In the Mood for Love (2000) is a film that luxuriates in the feeling of being in love – without ever turning into a love story. Its central characters, Mr Chow and Mrs Chan, are tenants in next-door apartments in Hong Kong who discover that their respective spouses are having an affair. Both of them have promiscuous colleagues at work, but they struggle to make sense of their partners' behaviour – and to control their growing feelings for each other. Hailed by the press as 'the consummate unconsummated love story of the new millennium', this film about desire repressed has become a firmly established classic of the twenty-first century. In his sharp and revealing analysis of In the Mood for Love, Tony Rayns draws on his considerable expertise in East Asian cinema and on his proximity to Wong Kar Wai and his colleagues at Jet Tone during the film's long and complicated genesis. He delivers a personal and highly original commentary on the film and its production, complete with privileged insights into Wong's idiosyncratic working methods and influences. The book also places the film in the context of Wong's other work, with sidelights on its place in Hong Kong cinema as a whole. This special edition features original cover artwork by Jimmy Turrell.
The field of Supramolecular Chemistry has rapidly evolved over the last 2 decades to the point where it is now influences a diverse range of research areas, drives technological breakthroughs, and often results in breathtaking feats of ingenuity along the way. None of these advancements would be possible without the creativity and talent of Supramolecular Chemists throughout the world, and this Research Topic aims to celebrate those scientists leading the way - the "Suprastars." Contributors to this collection were nominated by the Editorial Board of Frontiers in Chemistry, and by showcasing their work here, we aim to provide both a snapshot of the current field and also a glimpse what the next decade might hold. We welcome Original Research and Review articles, in themes including but not limited to: · Host-guest systems and host-guest interactions · Threaded molecules and slide-ring materials · Supramolecular polymers · Metallocycles and metallocages · Molecular machines and motors · Molecular sensors (chemosensors) · Nanoreactors and nanocarriers · Supramolecular catalysts · Metal-ligand assemblies · Self-assembly and directed self-assembly · Dynamic combinatorial chemistry · Foldamers · Biological supramolecular chemistry (including DNA and enzymes) · Experimental and theoretical aspects of bonding in supramolecular chemistry · Supramolecular chemistry at surfaces · Charged (anion and cation) and small molecule receptor chemistry · Developments in theoretical and practical aspects of supramolecular chemistry
The popularity of Android mobile phones has caused more cybercriminals to create malware applications that carry out various malicious activities. The attacks, which escalated after the COVID-19 pandemic, proved there is great importance in protecting Android mobile devices from malware attacks. Intelligent Mobile Malware Detection will teach users how to develop intelligent Android malware detection mechanisms by using various graph and stochastic models. The book begins with an introduction to the Android operating system accompanied by the limitations of the state-of-the-art static malware detection mechanisms as well as a detailed presentation of a hybrid malware detection mechanism. The text then presents four different system call-based dynamic Android malware detection mechanisms using graph centrality measures, graph signal processing and graph convolutional networks. Further, the text shows how most of the Android malware can be detected by checking the presence of a unique subsequence of system calls in its system call sequence. All the malware detection mechanisms presented in the book are based on the authors' recent research. The experiments are conducted with the latest Android malware samples, and the malware samples are collected from public repositories. The source codes are also provided for easy implementation of the mechanisms. This book will be highly useful to Android malware researchers, developers, students and cyber security professionals to explore and build defense mechanisms against the ever-evolving Android malware.
Chinese, as an aspect language, has played an important role in the development of aspect theory. This book is a systematic and structured exploration of the linguistic devices that Mandarin Chinese employs to express aspectual meanings. The work presented here is the first corpus-based account of aspect in Chinese, encompassing both situation aspect and viewpoint aspect. In using corpus data, the book seeks to achieve a marriage between theory-driven and corpus-based approaches to linguistics. The corpus-based model presented explores aspect at both the semantic and grammatical levels. At the semantic level a two-level model of situation aspect is proposed, which covers both the lexical and sentential levels, thus giving a better account of the compositional nature of situation aspect. At the grammatical level four perfective and four imperfective aspects in Chinese are explored in detail. This exploration corrects many intuition-based misconceptions, and associated misleading conclusions, about aspect in Chinese common in the literature.
This captivating volume mixes the myths of Ancient China with the beautiful art and history of the culture. The lavish color photographs bring the earliest achievements of the Chinese people into focus through the beliefs and mythology of one of the world's oldest civilizations. The strange stories, mystic rites, angry gods, vision quests, and magic symbols at the heart of Ancient China are crucial to understanding how the Chinese people have explained birth, death, creation, love, and other mysteries of life. Written in accessible language, even the most reluctant readers will submerge themselves in the history and mythology that this rich volume provides.
Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Orientalism / Sinology - Chinese / China, grade: 1,3, University of Heidelberg (Institute for East Asian Art History), course: Arts of the Yuan Dynasty, language: English, abstract: Ni Zan is one of the most famous figures in the history of Chinese painting and together with the other three of the „Four Great Masters of the Late Yuan“ – Huang Gongwang, Wang Meng and Wu Zhen – formed the favored model for later landscapists. His influence on and appreciation in later times as well as his position among his contemporaries have been discussed on various occasions and should not be my main topic. My focus is on Ni Zan himself. Following the fall of the Song Dynasty to the Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1271, the Yuan Dynasty was established. That year marked the beginning of a period of turmoil and suppression all over China, but especially for the Chinese intelligentsia and the Yuan dynasty, although comparatively short, caused massive changes in cultural creativity, bringing forth painting styles that would persist and be quoted in the art scene of all later centuries. Taking a look at Ni Zan's paintings one cannot but notice certain elements that keep on appearing throughout all of his oevre. Once he settled on a certain compositional type he kept repeating it. At closer inspection one can see his painting style slightly changing, although keeping to some fixed elements. This change in Ni's work is subtle, but noticeable and also readable. The readability of his landscapes is the basis for this paper and will become clearer when going through Ni Zan's life, along with the events surrounding his time and simultaneously reading his paintings as the Chinese term du hua (to read painting) suggests. That way I will show how Ni Zan's paintings can be seen as a journal and thereby now provide us with room for interpretation and insight into his life. I should note that the main inspiration for this paper came from Maxwell K. Hearn, a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and I therefore quote the term he used for this phenomenon by titling this paper The Pictorial Diary.
Lead Reviewer: Dr. Daniel Coetzee, Independent Scholar, London, UK Review Board: Jeremy Black, University of Exeter, UK Dr. Frances F. Berdan, Professor of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino David A. Graff, Associate Professor, Department of History, Kansas State University Dr. Kevin Jones, University College London Dr. John Laband, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Dr. Carter Malkasian, Center for Naval Analysis Mr. Toby McLeod, Lecturer in Modern History, University of Birmingham, UK Dr. Tim Moreman, Independent Scholar, London, UK Professor Bill Nasson, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa Dr. David Nicolle, Honourary Research Fellow, Nottingham University, UK Dr. Kaushik Roy, Lecturer, Department of History, Presidency College, Kolkata, India Dennis Showalter, Professor of History, Colorado College Dr. Stephen Turnbull, Lecturer in Japanese Religious Studies, Department of Theology and Religious Studies, Leeds University, UK Professor Michael Whitby, Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of Warwick, UK Over 8,500 battles and sieges are covered-easily the most exhaustive reference source on this basic aspect of military history. Thoroughly vetted by an expert board of period and regional experts, this dictionary offers easy to find A-Z entries that cover conflicts from practically every era and place of human history. In addition to exhaustive coverage of World War II, World War I, the American Civil War, medieval wars, and conflicts during the classical era, this dictionary covers battles fought in pre-modern Africa, the Middle East, Ancient and Medieval India, China, and Japan, and early meso-American warfare as well. Going well beyond the typical greatest or most influential battle format, The Dictionary of Battles and Sieges offers readers information they would be hard-pressed to find anywhere else. Entries were reviewed by area and period experts to ensure accuracy and to provide the broadest coverage possible. Jaques's Dictionary is truly global in scope, covering East Asia, South Asia, Eurasia, Europe, Africa, Mesoamerica, and North and South America. Battles from wars great and small are in the dictionary, including battles from this very brief sampling of wars covered, listed to give an idea of the book's deep coverage: Egyptian-Syrian Wars (1468 BC); the Assyrian Wars (724 - 648 BC); Greco-Persian Wars (498 - 450 BC); the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335-326 BC); Rome's Gallic Wars (121-52 BC); Han Imperial Wars (208); Hun-Ostrogoth Wars (454-68); Sino-Vietnamese Wars (547-605); Mecca-Medina War (624-30); Jinshin War (672); Berber Rebellion (740-61); Viking Raids on, and in, Britain (793-954); Sino-Annamese War (938); Byzantine Military Rebellions (978-89); Afghan Wars of Succession (998-1041); Russian Dynastic Wars (1016-94); Reconquista (1063-1492); Crusader-Muslim Wars (1100- 1179); Swedish Wars of Succession (1160-1210); Conquests of Genghis Khan (1202-27); William Wallace Revolt (1297-1304); Hundred Years War (1337-1453); War of Chioggia (1378-80); Vijayanagar-Bahmani Wars (1367-1406); Ottoman Civil Wars (1413-81); Mongol-Uzbek Wars (1497-1512); German Knights' War (1523); Burmese-Laotian Wars (1574); Cambodian-Spanish War (1599); King Philip's War (1675-77); Franco-Barbary Wars (1728); Bengal War (1763-65); French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1801); Chilean War of Independence (1813-26); Boer-Zulu War (1838); Indian Mutiny (1858-59); Mexican-French War (1862-67); Sino-Japanese War (1894-95); World War I (1914-18); Anhwei-Chihli War (1920); World War II (1939-45) Mau Mau Revolt (1955); 2nd Indo-Pakistani War (1965); Angolan War (1987-88); 2nd Gulf War (2003- ).
Placing Chinese Community Party history in the realm of social history and comparative politics, this text studies the roots of the policy failures of the late Maoist period and the tenacity of the CCP.
Buzan and Keene, themselves holders of some of the world records in this volume, cover such topics as man vs machine contests, mind sports, memory feats, creativity, IQ, mental calculation, mind mapping, financial records and speed reading.
Teach Yourself C in 24 Hours" provides a complete starter kit for beginning C programmers, focusing on the topics at hand as well as a battery of tools/skills that the reader will need to help him/her reach the next level in programming. The accompanying CD has a C compiler, the author's code, and examples from the book.
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