′This is a well written, thought provoking, and highly challenging book for anyone who claims to be a criminologist or for whom crime is of central concern. It should be required reading on all undergraduate and post-graduate criminology courses. A truly innovative take on some well established criminological dilemmas.′ - Sandra Walklate, Eleanor Rathbone Chair of Sociology, University of Liverpool What makes people commit crime? Psychosocial Criminology demonstrates how a psychosocial approach can illuminate the causes of particular crimes, challenging readers to re-think the similarities and differences between themselves and those involved in crime. The book critiques existing psychological and sociological theories before outlining a more adequate understanding of the criminal offender. It sheds new light on a series of crimes - rape, serial murder, racial harassment , ′jack-rolling′ (mugging of drunks), domestic violence - and contemporary criminological issues such as fear of crime, cognitive-behavioural interventions and restorative justice. Gadd and Jefferson bring together theories about identity, subjectivity and gender to provide the first comprehensive account of their psychoanalytically inspired approach. For each topic, the theoretical perspective is supported by individual case studies, which are designed to facilitate the understanding of theory and to demonstrate its application to a variety of criminological topics. This important and lucid book is written primarily for upper level undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of criminology. It is particularly useful for students undertaking a joint degree in criminology and psychology. It will also appeal to critical psychologists, psychoanalysts, students of biographical methods and those pursuing social work training. David Gadd is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Keele University. Tony Jefferson is Professor of Criminology at Keele University.
In our attempts to understand crime, researchers typically focus on proximate factors such as the psychology of offenders, their developmental history, and the social structure in which they are embedded. While these factors are important, they don't tell the whole story. Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime explores how evolutionary biology adds to our understanding of why crime is committed, by whom, and our response to norm violations. This understanding is important both for a better understanding of what precipitates crime and to guide approaches for effectively managing criminal behavior. This book is divided into three parts. Part I reviews evolutionary biology concepts important for understanding human behavior, including crime. Part II focuses on theoretical approaches to explaining crime, including the evolution of cooperation, and the evolutionary history and function of violent crime, drug use, property offending, and white collar crime. The developmental origins of criminal behavior are described to account for the increase in offending during adolescence and early adulthood as well as to explain why some offenders are more likely to desist than others. Proximal causes of crime are examined, as well as cultural and structural processes influencing crime. Part III considers human motivation to punish norm violators and what this means for the development of a criminal justice system. This section also considers how an evolutionary approach contributes to our understanding of crime prevention and reduction. The section closes with an evolutionary approach to understanding offender rehabilitation and reintegration. - Reviews how evolutionary findings improve our understanding of crime and punishment - Examines motivations to offend, and to punish norm violators - Articulates evolutionary explanations for adolescent crime increase - Identifies how this knowledge can aid in crime prevention and reduction, and in offender rehabilitation
This book offers a fresh perspective on treating a population that is often demonized by policymakers, the public, and even clinicians. The authors argue that most sex offenders are "people like us," with the potential to lead meaningful, law-abiding lives—if given a chance and appropriate support. They describe an empirically and theoretically grounded rehabilitation approach, the Good Lives Model, which can be integrated with the assessment and intervention approaches that clinicians already use. Drawing on the latest knowledge about factors promoting desistance from crime, the book discusses how encouraging naturally occurring desistance processes, and directly addressing barriers to community reintegration, can make treatment more effective and long lasting.
The past three decades has seen dramatic changes in the way in which the criminal justice system responds to those who break the law. The old claim in the field of correctional psychology that "nothing works" has strongly been refuted in the face of evidence from rehabilitation programmes that do make a difference. The graduate student in forensic psychology could easily be overwhelmed by the plethora of information now available. This new textbook offers a comprehensive approach to forensic and correctional psychology, demonstrating how theory and practise can be applied and integrated. Written by intentionally recognized experts within the field, the authors guide the students through the core theories and concepts that underpin forensic practise within the legal systems of different countries (UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Singapore), show how this knowledge informs current thinking in offender rehabilitation and reintegration and provide a series of case studies looking at sexual offenders, female offender, juveniles and offenders with mental disorders. This book is the perfect overview for graduate students of forensic and correctional psychology engaged with offender rehabilitation and assessment and the psychology of law.
Originally published in1988, Introducing Policework offered a new and concise overview of the controversial subject of policework at the time. The authors provide critical evaluations of the contributions made by psychologists, social psychologists, historians, sociologists, and political scientists, and an assessment of how these fit within an overall understanding of policework. Among the issues considered are: the process of socialization that lead to a ‘cop culture’; the historical evolution of police working practices and their current impact upon the social divisions of age, gender, race and class; problems with the present system of accountability; the prospects for success of recent (post-Scarman) initiatives, such as community consultation. The achievement of this book is that it provides lively and consistent discussion of key issues in the consideration of policework: race and crime, the question of gender, victimization and the ‘new realism’, police monitoring, Neighbourhood Watch, and police training initiatives. Today it will provide an interesting look back at a critical evaluation of policework in the 1980s.
In Stop Trying to Fix Policing: Lessons Learned from the Front Lines of Black Liberation, Tony Gaskew guides readers through the phenomena of police abolition, using the cultural lens of the Black radical tradition. The author weaves an electrifying combination of critical race theory, spiritual inheritance, decolonization, self-determination, and armed resistance, into a critical autoethnographic journey that illuminates the rituals of revolution required for dismantling the institution of American policing. Stop Trying to Fix Policing is an essential work for anyone who wants to go beyond the rhetoric of police reform, to the next step: contributing to the formation of a world without policing.
Over recent decades, the notion of leadership has become increasingly significant in organisational and management literature. Leadership: A Critical Review and Guide provides both a map of the leadership territory, and a guide through it. The book presents an overview of the main strands of the theoretical and empirical evidence associated with the study of leadership; highlights the different ways in which leadership is envisaged; and explores current developments in the thinking and practice of leadership. In so doing, it discusses and reviews some of the most important contributions to this field of study. Leadership: A Critical Review and Guide is designed for students of leadership; those working in leadership positions; and for human resource professionals and management academics.
Increase student engagement and create passionate learners. The path that leads a student to drop out of school is typically long, with engagement fading each year until the student stops attending. Clearly, increasing student engagement is the key to halting this sequence. But lack of consensus on the definition of "engagement" makes this difficult. What schools need is a common engagement literacy – a simple yet nuanced understanding of how to maximize engagement. This book offers the first comprehensive system for defining engagement and optimizing it in any student cohort. Inside, you’ll learn: How to improve teacher feedback methods for maximum engagement The power of mindset (for both educators and students). Key vocabulary terms for furthering the engagement process. With this book, you can block the path to dropping out and create a community of passionate learners.
Dynamic risk factors add a key element to the activities of practitioners seeking to reduce recidivism in criminal populations.This book focuses on the usefulness of dynamic risk factors and their ability to provide reliable information about the likelihood of reoffending. Practitioners increasingly depend on such assessments for more accurate prediction of recidivism as well as for improving the design of intervention programs.
This study, originally published in 1986, examines the general characteristics of Swedish management, the relevant aspects of Swedish history and society, and explores the relationship between them. The character of Sweden’s management and industrial life is the product of wider social and cultural influence. This title will be of interest to students of economics and management.
What is the definition of ′crime′? Law and Crime helps the criminologist to understand how the law constructs crime and how one might engage in critical analysis of such legal constructions. It uses a thematic approach to comprehensively explore the relationship between criminal conduct, criminal justice and the law. The book introduces key topics in criminal law scholarship for criminologists, including: criminalization fault and criminal responsibility corporate liability the production of criminal guilt the nature of judicial punishment. Aimed at students with no prior knowledge of law, the book includes many useful features to enhance understanding, from chapter overviews and key terms to study questions and suggestions for further reading. The Key Approaches to Criminology series celebrates the removal of traditional barriers between disciplines and, specifically, reflects criminology’s interdisciplinary nature and focus. It brings together some of the leading scholars working at the intersections of criminology and related subjects. Each book in the series helps readers to make intellectual connections between criminology and other discourses, and to understand the importance of studying crime and criminal justice within the context of broader debates. The series is intended to have appeal across the entire range of undergraduate and postgraduate studies and beyond, comprising books which offer introductions to the fields as well as advancing ideas and knowledge in their subject areas.
This comprehensive book reviews the main theories of rehabilitation models and advocates that rehabilitation should focus both on promoting human goods (i.e., providing the offender with the essential ingredients for a 'good' life) as well as reducing/avoiding risk.
To maximise the effectiveness of their work, NHS employees need a clear understanding of the structures and systems of the organisation in which they work. However, this information can be widely spread, hard to access and difficult to gain a working overview of, and the pace of changes and initiatives can seem almost dizzying. This book draws together a clear picture of the modern NHS, from funding and governance to reports, inquiries and overarching legislation. The book is clear and easy to understand and crucially includes full references to provide a one-stop point of access to the most detailed and up-to-date information available. This book is essential reading for workers in the NHS at all levels, including managers, administrators and clinical professionals. It is vital reading for managers and staff at commercial companies working with the NHS. It will also be of interest to campaigners, patient interest groups, researchers and journalists with an interest in the NHS. Specialty registrars and consultants can also find the information from the book, and much more, in The Doctor's Handbook Parts 1 & 2, by the same author. 'Rather than long narrative histories or complex explanations, the author signposts readers to sources of further information, making this book the quick guide so many of us need' - from the Foreword by Sir Ian Carruthers
Search is not just a box and ten blue links. Search is a journey: an exploration where what we encounter along the way changes what we seek. In this book, the authors weave together the theories of information seeking with the practice of user interface design.
Previously published as The Specialist Registrar and New Consultant Handbook, these completely revised and reconfigured volumes reflect the changing everyday work of specialist trainees, registrars and consultants. The two volumes of The Doctors Handbook are an essential reference for all doctors, from specialist trainees to consultants.
The ancient moral philosophy of Epicureanism offers many valuable lessons for the modern world. How to Live Well updates and modifies Epicurean philosophy to offer an exciting new framework for contemporary social reform.
The new Rough Guide to New Zealand is the definitive guide to the world's adventure capital. Now in full-colour throughout, it contains dozens of tempting colour photos illustrating the country's iconic landmarks and its stupendously diverse scenery. Detailed accounts of every attraction along with crystal-clear maps and plans will show you the very best New Zealand has to offer: from white-sand beaches and vast kauri trees in the north to the hairline fiords and penguin colonies in the south. With expert guidance you won't put a foot wrong when experiencing Maori culture or simply striking out on multi-day hikes. At every point this guide steers you to little-known sights such as secluded hot pools or Wellington's best cafés. Insider tips, planning itineraries and author picks give you the inside scoop on the best accommodation across every price range, how to track down Marlborough's tastiest Sauvignon blancs and where the most delectable Maori hangi can be found. Make the most of your time with The Rough Guide to New Zealand. Now available in ePub format.
Critics are challenging the traditional role of the IMF to facilitate development and alleviate poverty, viewing policies as doctrinaire and in need of change to meet objectives. This examines the arguments and the future role of the IMF.
An introductory text for first year criminology students, covering the key questions, debates and theoretical models in the field, as well as themes of inequality, social justice, and human rights, to encourage an international or ′globalised′ understanding of crime and justice matters. The book provides students with a strong, interdisciplinary foundation to their criminological studies, covering all the key topics taught on a first year course, including: The causes and prevalence of crime Doing criminological research The social divisions (class, power and inequality) that relate to crime and justice The role of politics and the media Punishment Corporate crime and cybercrime Global justice All content is supported by case studies on contemporary issues, and free online resources for students and lecturers, consisting of video interviews between the author and academics or practitioners in the field of criminology, addressing key topics outlined in the book and discussing case studies, there will also be multiple-choice questions, lecturer PowerPoint slides, testbank, and links to further reading.
The waters off South Africa's coastline are regarded as some of the most dangerous on earth. Sudden changes in weather, rip currents and freak waves all play their part in putting humans in peril, which sometimes ends in tragedy. No matter the danger, however, the brave volunteers of the National Sea Rescue Institute (NSRI) are always willing to risk their lives to save others. Setting out, often in dirty weather and in dark and icy conditions, they do their utmost to bring victims back safely. Into a Raging Sea is a collection of daring rescues filled with drama and danger. From burning ships to shark encounters and sinking trawlers, these are the stories of man's constant battle with the sea.
The Popolo Policeman By: Tony Gonzalez As a youth, Tony Gonzalez had many encounters with the law which led to multiple arrests and stays in juvenile detention facilities. Despite this rocky start, he had the drive to succeed on the right side of the law. Tony graduated from Kaimuki High School, then went on to Boise Junior College where he ran track and played football. In 1963, he became a police officer in Honolulu, earning many department and citizen commendations, including Honolulu Policeman of the Year in 1973. His experiences as a policeman are chronicled in The Popolo Policeman. Through Tony’s experiences on both sides of the law, The Popolo Policeman gives a firsthand look at the social dynamics of the criminal and law enforcement communities in Honolulu during the 1960s and 1970s. Unique and in-depth, Tony’s memoirs as presented in The Popolo Policeman offer valuable insight into this exciting period in Honolulu’s history.
Africa: Diversity and Development introduces and de-mystifies Africa’s diversity and dynamism, and considers how its peoples and environments have interacted through time and space. The book examines the background and diversity of Africa’s social, cultural, economic, political and environmental systems, as well as key development issues which have affected Africa in the past and are likely to be significant in shaping the future of the continent. These include: the impact of HIV/AIDS; sources of conflict and post-conflict reconstruction; the state and governance; the nature of African economies in a global context and future development trajectories. This second edition features new chapters on history and governance, health, separate chapters on rural and urban development and updated content on all aspects of the continent, particularly aspects of culture and ethnicity. It is richly illustrated throughout with diagrams and plates and contains a wealth of detailed up-to-date case studies and current data. This textbook is a refreshing interdisciplinary text which enhances understanding of the background to Africa’s current position and clarifies possible future scenarios. It will be a valuable resource for students taking modules on Africa, African Development and Geography of Africa, and will also prove useful to students in the wider fields of Geography, Development Studies, Global Studies, Environment and Society and African Politics.
This edited volume contains 22 papers organized into three sections under the following headings: part I is entitled On Promoting Victim Policies; Part II On Reforming Criminal Justice; and Part III On Restorative Justice. All three areas are ones to which Tony Peters, former Professor of Criminology in Leuven, has made a significant contribution and for which he is known as an international authority. During his long and productive academic career Tony Peters led many struggles for criminal justice reform. He was a leading figure in the movement to recognize crime victims' plight and to reaffirm their rights. In Belgium, he spearheaded the early initiatives in restorative justice and became one of its outspoken proponents nationally and internationally. There is no doubt that these three major topics and the various developments and reforms that are addressed in the papers will dominate the thinking about, and the practice of, criminal justice in the years to come. Thus, in addition to paying homage to a congenial friend and an illustrious colleague, it is hoped that this book will appeal and prove useful to all those who have an interest in victims issues, in criminal justice reform, and last but not least, in the promising paradigm of restorative justice.
Tony Bolden presents an innovative history of funk music focused on the performers, regarding them as intellectuals who fashioned a new aesthetic. Utilizing musicology, literary studies, performance studies, and African American intellectual history, Bolden explores what it means for music, or any cultural artifact, to be funky. Multitudes of African American musicians and dancers created aesthetic frameworks with artistic principles and cultural politics that proved transformative. Bolden approaches the study of funk and black musicians by examining aesthetics, poetics, cultural history, and intellectual history. The study traces the concept of funk from early blues culture to a metamorphosis into a full-fledged artistic framework and a named musical genre in the 1970s, and thereby Bolden presents an alternative reading of the blues tradition. In part one of this two-part book, Bolden undertakes a theoretical examination of the development of funk and the historical conditions in which black artists reimagined their music. In part two, he provides historical and biographical studies of key funk artists, all of whom transfigured elements of blues tradition into new styles and visions. Funk artists, like their blues relatives, tended to contest and contextualize racialized notions of blackness, sexualized notions of gender, and bourgeois notions of artistic value. Funk artists displayed contempt for the status quo and conveyed alternative stylistic concepts and social perspectives through multimedia expression. Bolden argues that on this road to cultural recognition, funk accentuated many of the qualities of black expression that had been stigmatized throughout much of American history.
Tony Banham documents the experiences of Hong Kong's prisoners of war and civilian internees from their capture by the Japanese in December 1941 to liberation, rescue and repatriation.
A former Detective Sergeant with the Honolulu Police Department recreates the story of his childhood and a diverse group of individuals raised in Honolulu, Hawai’i, whose horrid thoughts and actions invariably lead them into terrifying paths of destruction. A fictional narrative based on real events portraying the special love and loyalty that individuals from all surroundings reserve for each other. Some of the characters names have been changed to protect the innocent. It’s touching. Check it out!
How do you break through to impossible-to-reach executive buyers who are intent on blocking out the noise that confronts them every day? In a world where everyone is completely inundated by phone calls, drop-ins, pop-up ads, and junk mail, how can you and your product begin to make its impression known in the business world? By learning how to combine time-tested sales processes with cutting-edge social media strategies. Sales expert and author Tony J. Hughes details today’s new breed of chief executive buyers, the channels they use, the value narratives that they find appealing, and the mix of methods that will grab their attention. In Combo Prospecting, you will learn how to: Locate leverage points that matter Secure decision-maker meetings Build a knockout online brand that distinguishes you from the pack Build a constantly growing list of profitable referrals And much more! Old-school prospecting tactics are growing increasingly irrelevant in today’s tech-savvy online business world. However, new-school techniques alone have proven to not be able to provide the answers. The key to your success is to learn how to unleash a killer combination of old and new sales strategies.
Reflections on Community Psychiatric Nursing provides new insights into many aspects of the CPN's work. Written by a practising CPN , this is a lively and easy-to-read introduction to the key debates in community mental health, covering issues including: * professional identity * the community and the role of the nurse * teaching, assessment and clinical supervision * good practice and the concept of risk * mental health promotion * user involvement * treatment, from medication to psychosocial interventions. This text is essential reading for students and those undertaking further training as CPN's. In addition, practising nurses and other professionals will find it useful in developing their own reflective practice as well as offering a useful overview of an increasingly important area of nursing.
Justin Ebberson was 26 years old and came from a working-class family in Bolton. In 1958 Justin had two strokes of luck, three if you include Jean Baxter, a girl that he fell in love with. The first stroke of luck came in the form of a house that was left to him on Roa Island, near Barrow-in-Furness and the second was a job that fell in his lap with the only firm on the island, Isherwood & Son, Photo-Etching Specialists. Isherwood & Son introduced Justin to Jean Baxter, the love of his life, and a womanising Deputy Managing Director in the form of Commander RN (Rtd) Rupert Isherwood who brought emotional chaos into their lives, the outcome of which could not be foreseen. Justin constantly struggled to stay in control of events but was it all worth it? Only time would tell.
Black Male Violence in Perspective: Towards Afrocentric Intervention represents a synthesis of lived experience, authoritative research, and Afro-centric perspective on one of the most controversial topics of our day. It examines violence by and among Black men, as it is inextricably tied to its context; the history of violence in America including colonialism, expansionism, and concepts of manifest destiny. Acknowledging important concepts like Michelle Alexander’s “The New Jim Crow” and Joy DeGruy-Leary’s “Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome,” and chronicling the devastating and injurious effects of racism, the text moves in a clinical direction. It identifies and addresses the resulting dangerous triad of frustration, anger, and depression and how they come together clinically to impact young Black men resulting in violent outcomes. It explores the psychology underlying violent behavior, delving into the socioeconomic realities that are very much a part of the landscape of violence in America. Tony Jackson utilizes cases from his career as a therapist as well as examples from actual life experience to illustrate challenging concepts. More importantly, Black Male Violence in Perspective proposes a theory of intervention and treatment with a discussion on quantitative and qualitative research methods.
This report provides an overview of policy strategies on early childhood education settings (from birth to primary schooling) in eight countries. Data were collected using a policy questionnaire addressed to and completed by the National Research Coordinator(s) (NRC) of Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Poland, the Russian Federation and the United States. The countries that participated provide interesting illustrations of early childhood education policy in action in a range of diverse contexts. Analysis of the systemic and structural results of ECE policy at national and, where necessary, subnational levels, enables transnational comparisons in policy and systems. Key policy changes, both underway and planned, are documented. These data reveal key findings in each of the five policy areas as covered in the questionnaire and this report: public policy; delivery models and providers; participation and enrollment; quality assurance systems; and expectations for child outcomes. In particular, the study aims to provide meaningful information for countries, states and jurisdictions across the world in relation to early childhood education, mapping the systems, structures and user pathways in place, along with the perceptions of stakeholders about the system, its functioning and impact. This comprehensive assessment of the wider policy contexts and settings for early childhood education includes teacher/practitioner qualifications, pedagogy approaches, and opportunities for professional development. Such information will enable countries to review their early childhood education systems in an international context.
Transitions to Better Lives aims to describe, collate, and summarize a body of recent research – both theoretical and empirical – that explores the issue of treatment readiness in offender programming. It is divided into three sections: part one unpacks a model of treatment readiness, and explains how it has been operationalized part two discusses how the construct has been applied to the treatment of different offender groups part three iscusses some of the practice approaches that have been identified as holding promise in addressing low levels of offender readiness are discussed. Included within each section are contributions from a number of authors whose work, in recent years, has stimulated discussion and helped to inform practice in offender rehabilitation. This book is an ideal resource for those who study within the field of criminology, or who work in the criminal justice system, and have an interest in the delivery of rehabilitation and reintegration programmes for offenders. This includes psychologists, social workers, probation and parole officers, and prison officers.
More than 10% of Hong Kong's defenders were killed in battle; a further 20% died in captivity. Those who survived seldom spoke of their experiences. Many died young. The little primary material surviving--written in POW camps or years after the events--is contradictory and muddled. Yet with just 14,000 defending the colony, it was possible to write from the individual's point of view rather than that of the Big Battalions so favoured by God (according to Napoleon) and most historians. The book assembles a phase-by-phase, day-by-day, hour-by-hour, and death-by-death account of the battle. It considers the individual actions that made up the fighting, as well as the strategies and plans and the many controversies that arose.
This book presents the concept of ‘unstaging’ war as a strategic response to the failure of the discourse and institutions of peace. This failure is explained by exploring the changing character of conflict in current and emergent global circumstances, such as asymmetrical conflicts, insurgencies, and terrorism. Fry argues that this pluralisation of war has broken the binary relation between war and peace: conflict is no longer self-evident, and consequentially the changes in the conditions, nature, systems, philosophies and technologies of war must be addressed. Through a deep understanding of contemporary war, Fry explains why peace fails as both idea and process, before presenting ‘Unstaging War’ as a concept and nascent practice that acknowledges conflict as structurally present, and so is not able to be dealt with by attempts to create peace. Against a backdrop of increasingly tense relations between global power blocs, the beginnings of a new nuclear arms race, and the ever-increasing human and environmental impacts of climate change, a more viable alternative to war is urgently needed. Unstaging War is not claimed as a solution, but rather as an exploration of critical problems and an opening into the means of engaging with them.
“This new edition of an indispensable textbook… covers a huge range of topics illustrated by case studies and practical activities. It will enable schools to navigate through the complex challenges they meet on a daily basis, making education both inclusive and effective for all.” Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor in Cognitive Development, University College London, UK “This updated edition of an already essential text is a must read for anyone with an interest in special educational needs, inclusion and diversity in education. It is thoroughly researched, accessibly written, and strikes the perfect balance between emphases on theory, research, policy and practice throughout.” Neil Humphrey, Sarah Fielden Professor of Psychology of Education, University of Manchester, UK Special Educational Needs, Inclusion and Diversity has established itself as the textbook on special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). This new edition retains the considered balance between theory, research and practice, written in an accessible, user-friendly style. The fourth edition contains key updates in response to changes in the field, including developments in national policy and ways of thinking about SEND. There is a focus on reducing inequalities and enhancing inclusion to ensure relevance to working within diverse communities. Up-to-date psychological and educational methods are examined in the book to support assessment and evidence-based intervention with children and young people. Key features include: •The increasingly diverse SEND approaches across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, within an international context •Identification, assessment and intervention strategies for those with SEND aged from 0-25 years •Extensive exploration of current developments, in particular within autism, mental health, mathematics and sensory needs •A focus on professional ethics, parental support for learning and person-centred practices •Case studies and learning activities to reflect contemporary best practice Special Educational Needs, Inclusion and Diversity is a comprehensive guide for educational professionals to support them in maximising inclusion while recognising and supporting diversity. Sandra Dunsmuir is Professor of Educational and Child Psychology at University College London, UK. Tony Cline is Honorary Research Fellow with the Educational Psychology Group at University College London, UK. Norah Frederickson is Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology at University College London, UK.
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