Ton J. Cleophas's Books

Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Thanks to the omnipresent computer, current statistics can include data files of many thousands of values, and can perform any exploratory analysis in less than seconds. This development, however fascinating, generally does not lead to simple results. We should not forget that clinical studies are, mostly, for confirming prior hypotheses based on sound arguments, and the simplest tests provide the best power and are adequate for such studies. In the past few years the authors of this 5th edition, as teachers and research supervisors in academic and top-clinical facilities, have been able to closely observe the latest developments in the field of clinical data analysis, and they have been able to assess their performance. In this 5th edition the 47 chapters of the previous edition have been maintained and upgraded according to the current state of the art, and 20 novel chapters have been added after strict selection of the most valuable and promising novel methods. The novel methods are explained using practical examples and step-by-step analyses readily accessible for non-mathematicians. All of the novel chapters have been internationally published by the authors in peer-reviewed journal, including the American Journal of Therapeutics, the European Journal of Clinical Investigation, The International journal of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics, and other journals, and permission is granted by all of them to use this material in the current book. We should add that the authors are well-qualified in their fields of knowledge. Professor Zwinderman is president-elect of the International Society of Biostatistics, and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology. From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern methods for clinical data analysis for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors, although from a different discipline, one clinician and one statistician, have been working and publishing together for over 10 years, and their research of statistical methodology can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that statistics is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics. They firmly believe that any reader can benefit from this clinical approach to statistical data analysis.

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739

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

940072862X

ISBN 13

9789400728622

Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials

By: Ton J. Cleophas,A.H. Zwinderman,Toine F. Cleophas,Eugene P. Cleophas

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Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials

By: Ton J. Cleophas,A.H. Zwinderman,Toine F. Cleophas,Eugene P. Cleophas

In clinical medicine appropriate statistics has become indispensable to evaluate treatment effects. Randomized controlled trials are currently the only trials that truly provide evidence-based medicine. Evidence based medicine has become crucial to optimal treatment of patients. We can define randomized controlled trials by using Christopher J. Bulpitt’s definition “a carefully and ethically designed experiment which includes the provision of adequate and appropriate controls by a process of randomization, so that precisely framed questions can be answered”. The answers given by randomized controlled trials constitute at present the way how patients should be clinically managed. In the setup of such randomized trial one of the most important issues is the statistical basis. The randomized trial will never work when the statistical grounds and analyses have not been clearly defined beforehand. All endpoints should be clearly defined in order to perform appropriate power calculations. Based on these power calculations the exact number of available patients can be calculated in order to have a sufficient quantity of individuals to have the predefined questions answered. Therefore, every clinical physician should be capable to understand the statistical basis of well performed clinical trials. It is therefore a great pleasure that Drs. T. J. Cleophas, A. H. Zwinderman, and T. F. Cleophas have published a book on statistical analysis of clinical trials. The book entitled “Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials” is clearly written and makes complex issues in statistical analysis transparant.

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550

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

1402095236

ISBN 13

9781402095238

Human Experimentation

Methodologic issues fundamental to clinical trials

By: Ton J. Cleophas

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Human Experimentation

Methodologic issues fundamental to clinical trials

By: Ton J. Cleophas

Despite their effectiveness in the evaluation of new pharmacological compounds, controlled clinical trials are sometimes inadequate. Using data from the literature as well as from the author's own experience with clinical trials, Human Experimentation: Methodologic Issues Fundamental to Clinical Trials addresses such inadequacies and tries to provide solutions. This work is the first to thoroughly examine these unsolved inadequacies and problems with the design and the execution of clinical trials and, more importantly, to provide solutions for these problems. It is important for anyone who is involved in clinical research: clinicians, pharmacists, biochemists, statisticians, nurses, sponsors, etc., and anyone who is involved in applying results of research to patients, i.e. physicians.

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116

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

9401146632

ISBN 13

9789401146630

Machine Learning in Medicine

Part Three

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Machine Learning in Medicine

Part Three

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Machine learning is concerned with the analysis of large data and multiple variables. It is also often more sensitive than traditional statistical methods to analyze small data. The first and second volumes reviewed subjects like optimal scaling, neural networks, factor analysis, partial least squares, discriminant analysis, canonical analysis, fuzzy modeling, various clustering models, support vector machines, Bayesian networks, discrete wavelet analysis, association rule learning, anomaly detection, and correspondence analysis. This third volume addresses more advanced methods and includes subjects like evolutionary programming, stochastic methods, complex sampling, optional binning, Newton's methods, decision trees, and other subjects. Both the theoretical bases and the step by step analyses are described for the benefit of non-mathematical readers. Each chapter can be studied without the need to consult other chapters. Traditional statistical tests are, sometimes, priors to machine learning methods, and they are also, sometimes, used as contrast tests. To those wishing to obtain more knowledge of them, we recommend to additionally study (1) Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies 5th Edition 2012, (2) SPSS for Starters Part One and Two 2012, and (3) Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator Part One and Two 2012, written by the same authors, and edited by Springer, New York.

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234

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

9400778694

ISBN 13

9789400778696

Modern Meta-Analysis

Review and Update of Methodologies

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Modern Meta-Analysis

Review and Update of Methodologies

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Modern meta-analyses do more than combine the effect sizes of a series of similar studies. Meta-analyses are currently increasingly applied for any analysis beyond the primary analysis of studies, and for the analysis of big data. This 26-chapter book was written for nonmathematical professionals of medical and health care, in the first place, but, in addition, for anyone involved in any field involving scientific research. The authors have published over twenty innovative meta-analyses from the turn of the century till now. This edition will review the current state of the art, and will use for that purpose the methodological aspects of the authors' own publications, in addition to other relevant methodological issues from the literature. Are there alternative works in the field? Yes, there are, particularly in the field of psychology. Psychologists have invented meta-analyses in 1970, and have continuously updated methodologies. Although very interesting, their work, just like the whole discipline of psychology, is rather explorative in nature, and so is their focus to meta-analysis. Then, there is the field of epidemiologists. Many of them are from the school of angry young men, who publish shocking news all the time, and JAMA and other publishers are happy to publish it. The reality is, of course, that things are usually not as bad as they seem. Finally, some textbooks, written by professional statisticians, tend to use software programs with miserable menu programs and requiring lots of syntax to be learnt. This is prohibitive to clinical and other health professionals. The current edition is the first textbook in the field of meta-analysis entirely written by two clinical scientists, and it consists of many data examples and step by step analyses, mostly from the authors' own clinical research.

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317

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Springer

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ISBN 10

3319558951

ISBN 13

9783319558950

Efficacy Analysis in Clinical Trials an Update

Efficacy Analysis in an Era of Machine Learning

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Efficacy Analysis in Clinical Trials an Update

Efficacy Analysis in an Era of Machine Learning

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Machine learning and big data is hot. It is, however, virtually unused in clinical trials. This is so, because randomization is applied to even out multiple variables Modern medical computer files often involve hundreds of variables like genes and other laboratory values, and computationally intensive methods are required This is the first publication of clinical trials that have been systematically analyzed with machine learning. In addition, all of the machine learning analyses were tested against traditional analyses. Step by step statistics for self-assessments are included The authors conclude, that machine learning is often more informative, and provides better sensitivities of testing than traditional analytic methods do

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304

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

3030199185

ISBN 13

9783030199180

Modern Survival Analysis in Clinical Research

Cox Regressions Versus Accelerated Failure Time Models

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Modern Survival Analysis in Clinical Research

Cox Regressions Versus Accelerated Failure Time Models

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

An important novel menu for Survival Analysis entitled Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models has been published by IBM (international Businesss Machines) in its SPSS statistical software update of 2023. Unlike the traditional Cox regressions that work with hazards, which are the ratio of deaths and non-deaths in a sample, it works with risk of death, which is the proportion of deaths in the same sample. The latter approach may provide better sensitivity of testing, but has been seldom applied, because with computers risks are tricky and hazards because they are odds are fine. This was underscored in 1997 by Keiding and colleague statisticians from Copenhagen University who showed better-sensitive goodness of fit and null-hypothesis tests with AFT than with Cox survival tests. So far, a controlled study of a representative sample of clinical Kaplan Meier assessments, where the sensitivity of Cox regression is systematically tested against that of AFT modeling, has not been accomplished. This edition is the first textbook and tutorial of AFT modeling both for medical and healthcare students and for professionals. Each chapter can be studied as a standalone, and, using, real as well as hypothesized data, it tests the performance of the novel methodology against traditional Cox regressions. Step by step analyses of over 20 data files stored at Supplementary Files at Springer Interlink are included for self-assessment. We should add that the authors are well qualified in their field. Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015) and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology (2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern data analysis methods for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors have been working and publishing together for 25 years and their research can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that clinical data analysis is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics.

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230

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

3031316320

ISBN 13

9783031316326

Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator

Statistics on a Pocket Calculator

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator

Statistics on a Pocket Calculator

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

The core principles of statistical analysis are too easily forgotten in today’s world of powerful computers and time-saving algorithms. This step-by-step primer takes researchers who lack the confidence to conduct their own analyses right back to basics, allowing them to scrutinize their own data through a series of rapidly executed reckonings on a simple pocket calculator. A range of easily navigable tutorials facilitate the reader’s assimilation of the techniques, while a separate chapter on next generation Flash prepares them for future developments in the field. This practical volume also contains tips on how to deny hackers access to Flash internet sites. An ideal companion to the author’s co-authored works on statistical analysis for Springer such as Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials, this monograph will help researchers understand the processes involved in interpreting clinical data, as well as being a necessary prerequisite to mastering more advanced statistical techniques. The principles of statistical analysis are easily forgotten in today’s world of time-saving algorithms. This step-by-step primer takes researchers back to basics, enabling them to examine their own data through a series of sums on a simple pocket calculator.

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ISBN 10

9400712111

ISBN 13

9789400712119

Machine Learning in Medicine – A Complete Overview

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Machine Learning in Medicine – A Complete Overview

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Adequate health and health care is no longer possible without proper data supervision from modern machine learning methodologies like cluster models, neural networks, and other data mining methodologies. The current book is the first publication of a complete overview of machine learning methodologies for the medical and health sector, and it was written as a training companion, and as a must-read, not only for physicians and students, but also for any one involved in the process and progress of health and health care. In this second edition the authors have removed the textual errors from the first edition. Also, the improved tables from the first edition, have been replaced with the original tables from the software programs as applied. This is, because, unlike the former, the latter were without error, and readers were better familiar with them. The main purpose of the first edition was, to provide stepwise analyses of the novel methods from data examples, but background information and clinical relevance information may have been somewhat lacking. Therefore, each chapter now contains a section entitled "Background Information". Machine learning may be more informative, and may provide better sensitivity of testing than traditional analytic methods may do. In the second edition a place has been given for the use of machine learning not only to the analysis of observational clinical data, but also to that of controlled clinical trials. Unlike the first edition, the second edition has drawings in full color providing a helpful extra dimension to the data analysis. Several machine learning methodologies not yet covered in the first edition, but increasingly important today, have been included in this updated edition, for example, negative binomial and Poisson regressions, sparse canonical analysis, Firth's bias adjusted logistic analysis, omics research, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

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644

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

303033970X

ISBN 13

9783030339708

Regression Analysis in Medical Research

for Starters and 2nd Levelers

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Regression Analysis in Medical Research

for Starters and 2nd Levelers

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Regression analysis of cause effect relationships is increasingly the core of medical and health research. This work is a 2nd edition of a 2017 pretty complete textbook and tutorial for students as well as recollection / update bench and help desk for professionals. It came to the authors' attention, that information of history, background, and purposes, of the regression methods addressed were scanty. Lacking information about all of that has now been entirely covered. The editorial art work of the first edition, however pretty, was less appreciated by some readerships, than were the original output sheets from the statistical programs as used. Therefore, the editorial art work has now been systematically replaced with original statistical software tables and graphs for the benefit of an improved usage and understanding of the methods. In the past few years, professionals have been flooded with big data. The Covid-19 pandemic gave cause for statistical software companies to foster novel analytic programs better accounting outliers and skewness. Novel fields of regression analysis adequate for such data, like sparse canonical regressions and quantile regressions, have been included.

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471

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

3030613941

ISBN 13

9783030613945

Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

The amount of data in medical databases doubles every 20 months, and physicians are at a loss to analyze them. Also, traditional methods of data analysis have difficulty to identify outliers and patterns in big data and data with multiple exposure / outcome variables and analysis-rules for surveys and questionnaires, currently common methods of data collection, are, essentially, missing. Obviously, it is time that medical and health professionals mastered their reluctance to use machine learning and the current 100 page cookbook should be helpful to that aim. It covers in a condensed form the subjects reviewed in the 750 page three volume textbook by the same authors, entitled “Machine Learning in Medicine I-III” (ed. by Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2013) and was written as a hand-hold presentation and must-read publication. It was written not only to investigators and students in the fields, but also to jaded clinicians new to the methods and lacking time to read the entire textbooks. General purposes and scientific questions of the methods are only briefly mentioned, but full attention is given to the technical details. The two authors, a statistician and current president of the International Association of Biostatistics and a clinician and past-president of the American College of Angiology, provide plenty of step-by-step analyses from their own research and data files for self-assessment are available at extras.springer.com. From their experience the authors demonstrate that machine learning performs sometimes better than traditional statistics does. Machine learning may have little options for adjusting confounding and interaction, but you can add propensity scores and interaction variables to almost any machine learning method.

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131

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Springer Science & Business Media

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ISBN 10

3319041819

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9783319041810

SPSS for Starters and 2nd Levelers

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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SPSS for Starters and 2nd Levelers

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

A unique point of this book is its low threshold, textually simple and at the same time full of self-assessment opportunities. Other unique points are the succinctness of the chapters with 3 to 6 pages, the presence of entire-commands-texts of the statistical methodologies reviewed and the fact that dull scientific texts imposing an unnecessary burden on busy and jaded professionals have been left out. For readers requesting more background, theoretical and mathematical information a note section with references is in each chapter. The first edition in 2010 was the first publication of a complete overview of SPSS methodologies for medical and health statistics. Well over 100,000 copies of various chapters were sold within the first year of publication. Reasons for a rewrite were four. First, many important comments from readers urged for a rewrite. Second, SPSS has produced many updates and upgrades, with relevant novel and improved methodologies. Third, the authors felt that the chapter texts needed some improvements for better readability: chapters have now been classified according the outcome data helpful for choosing your analysis rapidly, a schematic overview of data, and explanatory graphs have been added. Fourth, current data are increasingly complex and many important methods for analysis were missing in the first edition. For that latter purpose some more advanced methods seemed unavoidable, like hierarchical loglinear methods, gamma and Tweedie regressions and random intercept analyses. In order for the contents of the book to remain covered by the title, the authors renamed the book: SPSS for Starters and 2nd Levelers. Special care was, nonetheless, taken to keep things as simple as possible, simple menu commands are given. The arithmetic is still of a no-more-than high-school level. Step-by-step analyses of different statistical methodologies are given with the help of 60 SPSS data files available through the internet. Because of the lack of time of this busy group of people, the authors have given every effort to produce a text as succinct as possible.

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361

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Springer

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ISBN 10

3319206001

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9783319206004

Quantile Regression in Clinical Research

Complete analysis for data at a loss of homogeneity

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Quantile Regression in Clinical Research

Complete analysis for data at a loss of homogeneity

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Quantile regression is an approach to data at a loss of homogeneity, for example (1) data with outliers, (2) skewed data like corona - deaths data, (3) data with inconstant variability, (4) big data. In clinical research many examples can be given like circadian phenomena, and diseases where spreading may be dependent on subsets with frailty, low weight, low hygiene, and many forms of lack of healthiness. Stratified analyses is the laborious and rather explorative way of analysis, but quantile analysis is a more fruitful, faster and completer alternative for the purpose. Considering all of this, we are on the verge of a revolution in data analysis. The current edition is the first textbook and tutorial of quantile regressions for medical and healthcare students as well as recollection/update bench, and help desk for professionals. Each chapter can be studied as a standalone and covers one of the many fields in the fast growing world of quantile regressions. Step by step analyses of over 20 data files stored at extras.springer.com are included for self-assessment. We should add that the authors are well qualified in their field. Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015) and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology(2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern quantile regression methods for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators.

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283

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

3030828409

ISBN 13

9783030828400

Modern Bayesian Statistics in Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Modern Bayesian Statistics in Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

The current textbook has been written as a help to medical / health professionals and students for the study of modern Bayesian statistics, where posterior and prior odds have been replaced with posterior and prior likelihood distributions. Why may likelihood distributions better than normal distributions estimate uncertainties of statistical test results? Nobody knows for sure, and the use of likelihood distributions instead of normal distributions for the purpose has only just begun, but already everybody is trying and using them. SPSS statistical software version 25 (2017) has started to provide a combined module entitled Bayesian Statistics including almost all of the modern Bayesian tests (Bayesian t-tests, analysis of variance (anova), linear regression, crosstabs etc.). Modern Bayesian statistics is based on biological likelihoods, and may better fit clinical data than traditional tests based normal distributions do. This is the first edition to systematically imply modern Bayesian statistics in traditional clinical data analysis. This edition also demonstrates that Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedures laid out as Bayesian tests provide more robust correlation coefficients than traditional tests do. It also shows that traditional path statistics are both textually and conceptionally like Bayes theorems, and that structural equations models computed from them are the basis of multistep regressions, as used with causal Bayesian networks.

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193

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Springer

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ISBN 10

3319927477

ISBN 13

9783319927473

SPSS for Starters

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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SPSS for Starters

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

This small book addresses different kinds of datafiles, as commonly encountered in clinical research, and their data-analysis on SPSS Software. Some 15 years ago serious statistical analyses were conducted by specialist statisticians using ma- frame computers. Nowadays, there is ready access to statistical computing using personal computers or laptops, and this practice has changed boundaries between basic statistical methods that can be conveniently carried out on a pocket calculator and more advanced statistical methods that can only be executed on a computer. Clinical researchers currently perform basic statistics without professional help from a statistician, including t-tests and chi-square tests. With help of user-friendly software the step from such basic tests to more complex tests has become smaller, and more easy to take. It is our experience as masters’ and doctorate class teachers of the European College of Pharmaceutical Medicine (EC Socrates Project Lyon France) that s- dents are eager to master adequate command of statistical software for that purpose. However, doing so, albeit easy, still takes 20–50 steps from logging in to the final result, and all of these steps have to be learned in order for the procedures to be successful.

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9048195195

ISBN 13

9789048195190

Analysis of Safety Data of Drug Trials

An Update

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Analysis of Safety Data of Drug Trials

An Update

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

In 2010, the 5th edition of the textbook, "Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies", was published by Springer and since then has been widely distributed. The primary object of clinical trials of new drugs is to demonstrate efficacy rather than safety. However, a trial in humans which does not adequately address safety is unethical, while the assessment of safety variables is an important element of the trial. An effective approach is to present summaries of the prevalence of adverse effects and their 95% confidence intervals. In order to estimate the probability that the differences between treatment and control group occurred merely by chance, a statistical test can be performed. In the past few years, this pretty crude method has been supplemented and sometimes, replaced with more sophisticated and better sensitive methodologies, based on machine learning clusters and networks, and multivariate analyses. As a result, it is time that an updated version of safety data analysis was published. The issue of dependency also needs to be addressed. Adverse effects may be either dependent or independent of the main outcome. For example, an adverse effect of alpha blockers is dizziness and this occurs independently of the main outcome "alleviation of Raynaud 's phenomenon". In contrast, the adverse effect "increased calorie intake" occurs with "increased exercise", and this adverse effect is very dependent on the main outcome "weight loss". Random heterogeneities, outliers, confounders, interaction factors are common in clinical trials, and all of them can be considered as kinds of adverse effects of the dependent type. Random regressions and analyses of variance, high dimensional clusterings, partial correlations, structural equations models, Bayesian methods are helpful for their analysis. The current edition was written for non-mathematicians, particularly medical and health professionals and students. It provides examples of modern analytic methods so far largely unused in safety analysis. All of the 14 chapters have two core characteristics, First, they are intended for current usage, and they are particularly concerned with that usage. Second, they try and tell what readers need to know in order to understand and apply the methods. For that purpose, step by step analyses of both hypothesized and real data examples are provided.

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217

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Springer

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ISBN 10

3030058042

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9783030058043

Kernel Ridge Regression in Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Kernel Ridge Regression in Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

IBM (international business machines) has published in its SPSS statistical software 2022 update a very important novel regression method entitled Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). It is an extension of the currently available regression methods, and is suitable for pattern recognition in high dimensional data, particularly, when alternative methods fail. Its theoretical advantages are plenty and include the kernel trick for reduced arithmetic complexity, estimation of uncertainty by Gaussians unlike histograms, corrected data-overfit by ridge regularization, availability of 8 alternative kernel density models for datafit. A very exciting and wide array of preliminary KRR research has already been published by major disciplines (like studies in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, studies of molecular affinity / dynamics, atomisation energy studies, but also forecasting economics studies, IoT (internet of things) studies for e-networks, plant stress response studies, big data streaming studies, etc). In contrast, it is virtually unused in clinical research. This edition is the first textbook and tutorial of kernel ridge regressions for medical and healthcare students as well as recollection / update bench, and help desk for professionals. Each chapter can be studied as a standalone, and, using, real as well as hypothesized data, it tests the performance of the novel methodology against traditional regression analyses. Step by step analyses of over 20 data files stored at Supplementary Files at Springer Interlink are included for self-assessment. We should add that the authors are well qualified in their field. Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015) and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology (2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern KRR methods for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors have been working and publishing together for 24 years and their research can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that clinical data analysis is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics.

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292

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Springer Nature

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ISBN 10

3031107179

ISBN 13

9783031107177

Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook Two

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook Two

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

The amount of data medical databases doubles every 20 months, and physicians are at a loss to analyze them. Also, traditional data analysis has difficulty to identify outliers and patterns in big data and data with multiple exposure / outcome variables and analysis-rules for surveys and questionnaires, currently common methods of data collection, are, essentially, missing. Consequently, proper data-based health decisions will soon be impossible. Obviously, it is time that medical and health professionals mastered their reluctance to use machine learning methods and this was the main incentive for the authors to complete a series of three textbooks entitled “Machine Learning in Medicine Part One, Two and Three, Springer Heidelberg Germany, 2012-2013", describing in a nonmathematical way over sixty machine learning methodologies, as available in SPSS statistical software and other major software programs. Although well received, it came to our attention that physicians and students often lacked time to read the entire books, and requested a small book, without background information and theoretical discussions and highlighting technical details. For this reason we produced a 100 page cookbook, entitled "Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook One", with data examples available at extras.springer.com for self-assessment and with reference to the above textbooks for background information. Already at the completion of this cookbook we came to realize, that many essential methods were not covered. The current volume, entitled "Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook Two" is complementary to the first and also intended for providing a more balanced view of the field and thus, as a must-read not only for physicians and students, but also for any one involved in the process and progress of health and health care. Similarly to Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook One, the current work will describe stepwise analyses of over twenty machine learning methods, that are, likewise, based on the three major machine learning methodologies: Cluster methodologies (Chaps. 1-3) Linear methodologies (Chaps. 4-11) Rules methodologies (Chaps. 12-20) In extras.springer.com the data files of the examples are given, as well as XML (Extended Mark up Language), SPS (Syntax) and ZIP (compressed) files for outcome predictions in future patients. In addition to condensed versions of the methods, fully described in the above three textbooks, an introduction is given to SPSS Modeler (SPSS' data mining workbench) in the Chaps. 15, 18, 19, while improved statistical methods like various automated analyses and Monte Carlo simulation models are in the Chaps. 1, 5, 7 and 8. We should emphasize that all of the methods described have been successfully applied in practice by the authors, both of them professors in applied statistics and machine learning at the European Community College of Pharmaceutical Medicine in Lyon France. We recommend the current work not only as a training companion to investigators and students, because of plenty of step by step analyses given, but also as a brief introductory text to jaded clinicians new to the methods. For the latter purpose, background and theoretical information have been replaced with the appropriate references to the above textbooks, while single sections addressing "general purposes", "main scientific questions" and "conclusions" are given in place. Finally, we will demonstrate that modern machine learning performs sometimes better than traditional statistics does. Machine learning may have little options for adjusting confounding and interaction, but you can add propensity scores and interaction variables to almost any machine learning method.

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331907413X

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9783319074139

Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook Three

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbook Three

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Unique features of the book involve the following. 1.This book is the third volume of a three volume series of cookbooks entitled "Machine Learning in Medicine - Cookbooks One, Two, and Three". No other self-assessment works for the medical and health care community covering the field of machine learning have been published to date. 2. Each chapter of the book can be studied without the need to consult other chapters, and can, for the readership's convenience, be downloaded from the internet. Self-assessment examples are available at extras.springer.com. 3. An adequate command of machine learning methodologies is a requirement for physicians and other health workers, particularly now, because the amount of medical computer data files currently doubles every 20 months, and, because, soon, it will be impossible for them to take proper data-based health decisions without the help of machine learning. 4. Given the importance of knowledge of machine learning in the medical and health care community, and the current lack of knowledge of it, the readership will consist of any physician and health worker. 5. The book was written in a simple language in order to enhance readability not only for the advanced but also for the novices. 6. The book is multipurpose, it is an introduction for ignorant, a primer for the inexperienced, and a self-assessment handbook for the advanced. 7. The book, was, particularly, written for jaded physicians and any other health care professionals lacking time to read the entire series of three textbooks. 8. Like the other two cookbooks it contains technical descriptions and self-assessment examples of 20 important computer methodologies for medical data analysis, and it, largely, skips the theoretical and mathematical background. 9. Information of theoretical and mathematical background of the methods described are displayed in a "notes" section at the end of each chapter. 10.Unlike traditional statistical methods, the machine learning methodologies are able to analyze big data including thousands of cases and hundreds of variables. 11. The medical and health care community is little aware of the multidimensional nature of current medical data files, and experimental clinical studies are not helpful to that aim either, because these studies, usually, assume that subgroup characteristics are unimportant, as long as the study is randomized. This is, of course, untrue, because any subgroup characteristic may be vital to an individual at risk. 12. To date, except for a three volume introductary series on the subject entitled "Machine Learning in Medicine Part One, Two, and Thee, 2013, Springer Heidelberg Germany" from the same authors, and the current cookbook series, no books on machine learning in medicine have been published. 13. Another unique feature of the cookbooks is that it was jointly written by two authors from different disciplines, one being a clinician/clinical pharmacologist, one being a mathematician/biostatistician. 14. The authors have also jointly been teaching at universities and institutions throughout Europe and the USA for the past 20 years. 15. The authors have managed to cover the field of medical data analysis in a nonmathematical way for the benefit of medical and health workers. 16. The authors already successfully published many statistics textbooks and self-assessment books, e.g., the 67 chapter textbook entitled "Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies 5th Edition, 2012, Springer Heidelberg Germany" with downloads of 62,826 copies. 17. The current cookbook makes use, in addition to SPSS statistical software, of various free calculators from the internet, as well as the Konstanz Information Miner (Knime), a widely approved free machine learning package, and the free Weka Data Mining package from New Zealand. 18. The above software packages with hundreds of nodes, the basic processing units including virtually all of the statistical and data mining methods, can be used not only for data analyses, but also for appropriate data storage. 19. The current cookbook shows, particularly, for those with little affinity to value tables, that data mining in the form of a visualization process is very well feasible, and often more revealing than traditional statistics. 20.The Knime and Weka data miners uses widely available excel data files. 21. In current clinical research prospective cohort studies are increasingly replacing the costly controlled clinical trials, and modern machine learning methodologies like probit and tobit regressions as well as neural networks, Bayesian networks, and support vector machines prove to better fit their analysis than traditional statistical methods do. 22. The current cookbook not only includes concise descriptions of standard machine learning methods, but also of more recent methods like the linear machine learning models using ordinal and loglinear regression. 23. Machine learning tends to increasingly use evolutionary operation methodologies. Also this subject has been covered. 24. All of the methods described have been applied in the authors' own research prior to this publication.

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3319121634

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9783319121635

Understanding Clinical Data Analysis

Learning Statistical Principles from Published Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

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Understanding Clinical Data Analysis

Learning Statistical Principles from Published Clinical Research

By: Ton J. Cleophas,Aeilko H. Zwinderman

This textbook consists of ten chapters, and is a must-read to all medical and health professionals, who already have basic knowledge of how to analyze their clinical data, but still, wonder, after having done so, why procedures were performed the way they were. The book is also a must-read to those who tend to submerge in the flood of novel statistical methodologies, as communicated in current clinical reports, and scientific meetings. In the past few years, the HOW-SO of current statistical tests has been made much more simple than it was in the past, thanks to the abundance of statistical software programs of an excellent quality. However, the WHY-SO may have been somewhat under-emphasized. For example, why do statistical tests constantly use unfamiliar terms, like probability distributions, hypothesis testing, randomness, normality, scientific rigor, and why are Gaussian curves so hard, and do they make non-mathematicians getting lost all the time? The book will cover the WHY-SOs.

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3319395866

ISBN 13

9783319395869

Book's by Ton J. Cleophas

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