This illuminating book offers an up-to-date introduction to the psychology of language, exploring aspects of language processing that have previously not been given centre stage such as the role of body and brain, social aspects of language use, and mental models. The New Psychology of Language presents an overarching theoretical account called the Language User Framework for discussing a wide variety of core language activities. How do we understand speech in conversations? How do we read books? How do we convert our thoughts into bodily signals (speech, gestures, facial expressions) when we speak? What happens in the mind and brain when we have mastered two or more languages? All these aspects of language use are discussed at the level of words and sentences, as well as text and discourse. Language is considered as an embodied, embedded, incremental cognitive activity aiming at the construction and communication of rich and dynamic mental models. Discussion boxes highlight controversies in the field; case studies and practical exercises provide insight into everyday examples; illustrations represent important models of language processing; and key findings come along with clear and concise chapter summaries. Special attention is paid to research techniques for investigating the psychology of language. This accessible book is essential reading for students in disciplines such as psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience, artificial intelligence, biology, the language and communication sciences, and media studies. It is also a useful resource for a lay audience with an interest in language and communication.
This book A Guide to Graph Algorithms offers high-quality content in the research area of graph algorithms and explores the latest developments in graph algorithmics. The reader will gain a comprehensive understanding of how to use algorithms to explore graphs. It is a collection of texts that have proved to be trend setters and good examples of that. The book aims at providing the reader with a deep understanding of the structural properties of graphs that are useful for the design of efficient algorithms. These algorithms have applications in finite state machine modelling, social network theory, biology, and mathematics. The book contains many exercises, some up at present-day research-level. The exercises encourage the reader to discover new techniques by putting things in a clear perspective. A study of this book will provide the reader with many powerful tools to model and tackle problems in real-world scenarios.
Statistical disclosure control is the discipline that deals with producing statistical data that are safe enough to be released to external researchers. This book concentrates on the methodology of the area. It deals with both microdata (individual data) and tabular (aggregated) data. The book attempts to develop the theory from what can be called the paradigm of statistical confidentiality: to modify unsafe data in such a way that safe (enough) data emerge, with minimum information loss. This book discusses what safe data, are, how information loss can be measured, and how to modify the data in a (near) optimal way. Once it has been decided how to measure safety and information loss, the production of safe data from unsafe data is often a matter of solving an optimization problem. Several such problems are discussed in the book, and most of them turn out to be hard problems that can be solved only approximately. The authors present new results that have not been published before. The book is not a description of an area that is closed, but, on the contrary, one that still has many spots awaiting to be more fully explored. Some of these are indicated in the book. The book will be useful for official, social and medical statisticians and others who are involved in releasing personal or business data for statistical use. Operations researchers may be interested in the optimization problems involved, particularly for the challenges they present. Leon Willenborg has worked at the Department of Statistical Methods at Statistics Netherlands since 1983, first as a researcher and since 1989 as a senior researcher. Since 1989 his main field of research and consultancy has been statistical disclosure control. From 1996-1998 he was the project coordinator of the EU co-funded SDC project.
Unlike humans, computers generally do not take their peers in communication into account. Adding to this the increasing complexity of information systems, the need for adaptive personalisation is there. In this thesis we look at adaptive systems from the perspective of interactive systems. As most systems are, or can be seen as, interactive systems this should pose no problem. In interactive systems users cause events. These events can be passed on to an adaptation system to maintain a user model. The events also cause the interactive system to react. These reactions may be parameterised by the user model. In this thesis the following research questions are addressed: * How can adaptive personalisation be integrated into user adaptive systems? * How can adaptive personalisation be evaluated? To answer these questions it is essential to first provide a model of user adaptive systems. We introduce the Generic Adaptivity Model (GAM). The GAM divides the system into four layers: the application layer, the interface layer, the reasoning layer and the user model layer. It is important to notice that the reasoning layer consists of two reasoning components: the push adaptation component and the pull adaptation component. The push adaptation component is responsible for transforming user events into user model updates. As such it maintains the user model and the reasoning happens when users perform events. It is not necessary that these updates have been completed for the application to react to the user events. The pull adaptation component is responsible to using the user model to answer questions about the user that influence the system reaction to the user. As such this is computed at the moment a reaction is required and is more time critical than push reasoning. The behaviour of an adaptation component largely standard. As such it makes sense to create an adaptation engine that can be used in conjunction with an adaptation description to implement the adaptation component. The adaptation description then describes, by means of a script language, the push and pull reasoning to be performed as well as the events and questions to be recognised. Related elements in an adaptation model can be grouped together into an adaptation element. Together all adaptation elements in an adaptation model form an adaptation graph. This dependency graph can be used to visualise an adaptation model. In evaluating adaptation models the final evaluation involves testing with users. There are however two other evaluation layers that are less costly. The first evaluation layer involves a rough evaluation on the kind of reasoning used (push or pull). The second layer performs a detailed structural analysis of an adaptation model. The evaluation layers work on a number of dimensions. These dimensions are: predictability, adaptability, supportability, control, speed, extensibility, model size, privacy, concurrency and prediction quality. In the structural evaluation level a number of indicators are used for each dimension. Looking at the GAM it has a number of benefits: * It will allow different applications to cooperatively maintain properties by using common names and merging adaptation models. * It has strong capabilities for ensuring privacy and user control over the user models. * By cooperative modelling more information be used to have more effective personalisations. * The model is very generic and does not prescribe reasoning models. As such it is broadly applicable. * The model coexists well with the evaluation framework and does not violate any dimension. To answer the question how to integrate adaptive personalisation we introduce a seven stage method for creating adaptation models. In the first step the application is analysed. In the second step possible personalisation opportunities are determined. In the third step questions about the user are found. In the fourth step the user properties are determined. The fifth step determines the events needed to maintain the user model. The sixth step combines the results and cleans out infeasible options. Finally the seventh step evaluates the options to select only the best opportunities for adaptive personalisation.
This illuminating book offers an up-to-date introduction to the psychology of language, exploring aspects of language processing that have previously not been given centre stage such as the role of body and brain, social aspects of language use, and mental models. The New Psychology of Language presents an overarching theoretical account called the Language User Framework for discussing a wide variety of core language activities. How do we understand speech in conversations? How do we read books? How do we convert our thoughts into bodily signals (speech, gestures, facial expressions) when we speak? What happens in the mind and brain when we have mastered two or more languages? All these aspects of language use are discussed at the level of words and sentences, as well as text and discourse. Language is considered as an embodied, embedded, incremental cognitive activity aiming at the construction and communication of rich and dynamic mental models. Discussion boxes highlight controversies in the field; case studies and practical exercises provide insight into everyday examples; illustrations represent important models of language processing; and key findings come along with clear and concise chapter summaries. Special attention is paid to research techniques for investigating the psychology of language. This accessible book is essential reading for students in disciplines such as psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience, artificial intelligence, biology, the language and communication sciences, and media studies. It is also a useful resource for a lay audience with an interest in language and communication.
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