The book is a history of Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) as applied to the growth of semiconductor thin films (note that it does not cover the subject of metal thin films). It begins by examining the origins of MBE, first of all looking at the nature of molecular beams and considering their application to fundamental physics, to the development of nuclear magnetic resonance and to the invention of the microwave MASER. It shows how molecular beams of silane (SiH4) were used to study the nucleation of silicon films on a silicon substrate and how such studies were extended to compound semiconductors such as GaAs. From such surface studies in ultra-high vacuum the technique developed into a method of growing high quality single crystal films of a wide range of semiconductors. Comparing this with earlier evaporation methods of deposition and with other epitaxial deposition methods such as liquid phase and vapour phase epitaxy (LPE and VPE). The text describes the development of MBE machines from the early 'home-made' variety to that of commercial equipment and show how MBE was gradually refined to produce high quality films with atomic dimensions. This was much aided by the use of various in-situ surface analysis techniques, such as reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and mass spectrometry, a feature unique to MBE. It looks at various modified versions of the basic MBE process, then proceed to describe their application to the growth of so-called 'low-dimensional structures' (LDS) based on ultra-thin heterostructure films with thickness of order a few molecular monolayers. Further chapters cover the growth of a wide range of different compounds and describe their application to fundamental physics and to the fabrication of electronic and opto-electronic devices. The authors study the historical development of all these aspects and emphasise both the (often unexpected) manner of their discovery and development and the unique features which MBE brings to the growth of extremely complex structures with monolayer accuracy.
The third volume of Dr. Hopwood's memoirs follows the vicissitudes of his family's life whilst he figures out what to do next. He works for the Slough College of Further Education , the Medical Research Council, the Ministry Of Overseas Development, the Ethiopian Government and the Wellcome trust. At various times he worked in Laos, South Vietnam, Liberia, the Gambia, Ethiopia, Brazil, Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, the Leeward and Westward islands of the Caribbean, the Seychelles, Swaziland, Botswana , Lesotho and South Africa. His penultimate assignment is as Director of the Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory in Nairobi this is followed by a final nostalgic but sad return visit to Uganda in 1986.
This volume documents the literary controversy and debate over Samuel Richardson's novel, "Pamela", published in 1741. It brings together and reprints key sources within the debate, including artists such as Francis Hayman, Hubert Gravelot, Joseph Highmore and Philip Mercer.
Urban sustainability has become a political and social agenda of global significance, of which real estate is an integral dimension. Sustainable urban development includes much more than ‘green building’ standards, yet in practice, other aspects such land use plans and locations are often overlooked. This book demonstrates that the issue of sustainable development stretches far beyond the hitherto dominating agenda based on ‘green’ (i.e. environmentally and ecologically sustainable) buildings. In doing so, it presents a novel framework based on the concept of economic sustainability of real estate locations, drawing connections with the global financial crisis and housing price bubble discourse. It argues for the need to better integrate social, cultural and economic dimensions into the real estate sustainability agenda. It also explores the role of location, and especially the image aspect therein. Trends in consumer choice are important to the way these dimensions are appreciated in decisions about investment, development, valuation and other activities of the production, consumption and governance of the built environment. This book will be of interest to private and public sector practitioners of real estate valuation as well as scholars of urban studies, geography, economics, urban planning and environmental studies.
This volume documents the literary controversy and debate over Samuel Richardson's novel, "Pamela", published in 1741. It brings together and reprints key sources within the debate, including artists such as Francis Hayman, Hubert Gravelot, Joseph Highmore and Philip Mercer.
The science is unequivocal: stabilizing climate change implies bringing net carbon emissions to zero. This must be done by 2100 if we are to keep climate change anywhere near the 2oC warming that world leaders have set as the maximum acceptable limit. Decarbonizing Development: Three Steps to a Zero-Carbon Future looks at what it would take to decarbonize the world economy by 2100 in a way that is compatible with countries' broader development goals. Here is what needs to be done: -Act early with an eye on the end-goal. To best achieve a given reduction in emissions in 2030 depends on whether this is the final target or a step towards zero net emissions. -Go beyond prices with a policy package that triggers changes in investment patterns, technologies and behaviors. Carbon pricing is necessary for an efficient transition toward decarbonization. It is an efficient way to raise revenue, which can be used to support poverty reduction or reduce other taxes. Policymakers need to adopt measures that trigger the required changes in investment patterns, behaviors, and technologies - and if carbon pricing is temporarily impossible, use these measures as a substitute. -Mind the political economy and smooth the transition for those who stand to be most affected. Reforms live or die based on the political economy. A climate policy package must be attractive to a majority of voters and avoid impacts that appear unfair or are concentrated on a region, sector or community. Reforms have to smooth the transition for those who stand to be affected, by protecting vulnerable people but also sometimes compensating powerful lobbies.
This volume documents the literary controversy and debate over Samuel Richardson's novel, "Pamela", published in 1741. It brings together and reprints key sources within the debate, including artists such as Francis Hayman, Hubert Gravelot, Joseph Highmore and Philip Mercer.
The selection of papers in this special issue of WEMS illustrates the various aspects of water and wastewater treatment and management. These papers were presented at the 2nd Young Researchers Conference held on 23-24 April 2004, at the University of Wageningen, The Netherlands. It was organised on behalf of the International Water Association (IWA) and supported by the European Symposium of Environmental Biotechnology (ESEB 2000). The IWA Young Researcher Conferences' mission is to provide young researchers in water and wastewater science, technology and management with a forum to discuss current and future environmental concerns. The conferences aim to confront environmental researchers with technologists and regulatory instances dealing with environmental quality. Moreover, the IWA Young Researchers Conferences address issues related to the development of careers in the water sector.
The narrowboats built for transporting cargo on Britain’s canals are one of the great symbols of Britain. This highly illustrated book explores their history and development, and what it was like to crew a working vessel.
The Change Handbook features chapters by the originators and foremost practitioners of such high-leverage change methods as Future Search, Real Time Strategic Change, Gemba Kaizen, and Open Space Technology. The authors outline distinctive aspects of their approach; detail roles and responsibilities; share a story illustrating usage; and answer frequently asked questions about how to put it into practice. Examples of successful change efforts acquaint readers with the diverse array of methods being employed today. A one-stop comparative chart allows them to evaluate the methods to determine what will work best fro them, and an in-depth reference section helps them locate the resources they need to get started.
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